Concussions As A Type Of Traumatic Brain Injury - 1289 Words

Concussions, a type of traumatic brain injury, are a frequent concern for those playing sports, from children and teenagers to professional athletes. Repeated concussions are a known cause of various neurological disorders, most notably chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which in professional athletes has led to premature retirement, erratic behavior and even suicide. Over 1.6 million Americans have sustained concussion-related injuries. Because concussions cannot be seen on X-rays or CT scans, attempts to prevent concussions have been difficult. The dangers of repeated concussions have long been known for boxers and wrestlers; a form of CTE common in these two sports, dementia pugilistica, was first described in 1928. An awareness of the†¦show more content†¦A concussion will affect the way a person s brain works. There is the potential of post-concussion syndrome, post-concussion syndrome is defined as a set of symptoms that may continue after a concussion is sustained. Along with the classification of post-concussion symptoms, the symptoms can also be described as immediate and delayed. Playing through concussion makes people more vulnerable to getting hit again, and that is why most sports have test that trainers will perform to prevent getting hit a second time. A second blow can cause a rare condition known as second-impact syndrome, which can result in severe injury or death. Second-impact syndrome is when an athlete suffers a second head injury before the brain has adequate time to heal in between concussions. Repeated concussions have been linked to a variety of neurological disorders among athletes, including CTE, Alzheimer s Disease, Parkinsonism and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . Incidence It is estimated that as many as 1.6-3.8 million concussions occur in the US per year in competitive sports and recreational activities; this is a rough estimate, since as many as 50% of concussions go unreported. Concussions occur in all sports with the highest incidence in American football, hockey, rugby, soccer, and basketball. Policies Major League Baseball Major League Baseball s policy was first started in 2007, and injured players are examined by a team athletic trainer on

The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in Decision Making

The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in Decision Making Introduction When making decisions humans commonly fall victim to errors in logic and reasoning. Since the inception of the study of the mind, psychologists have endeavored to isolate the characteristics and causes of errors in human thinking. Researchers and theorists have developed categories of such errors: representativeness heuristics, availability heuristics, memory and hindsight biases, etc. . . . In other words, to err is human. In 1957, Festinger identified another phenomenon in human cognition--cognitive dissonance. Festinger theorized that humans experience negative emotions when performing behaviors that are contrary to their attitudes. These negative emotions,†¦show more content†¦However, they experience dissonance when they realize that they cannot know everything and their experience with the world is limited to a small sample. To reduce this dissonance, the representativeness heuristic is applied, thus pla cing everything into categories. Their small sample of the world is now representative of the whole, and dissonance is reduced. Second, the availability heuristic is a result of the tendency of people to confuse probability with imaginability (Plous, 1993). For instance, the probability of being killed by electrocution is greater than that of being killed in an airplane crash. However, most people can imagine (from news reports) the tragedy of a plane crash more easily than electrocution while standing in a puddle of water in their bathroom. Thus, they falsely believe, through the availability heuristic, that it is more dangerous to fly to Europe than to use a hairdryer in the bathtub. We can see how dissonance theory can give rise to this error in human reasoning. Again assuming that most people view themselves as the center of the universe, they experience dissonance when they realize that things can happen to them over which they have no control. To reduce this dissonance, they c reate an availability heuristic that says that things will only happen to them with the probability which they can imagine those events occurring. Third, the memory and hindsight biases show that humansShow MoreRelatedCognitive Dissonance Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive dissonance can be described as the feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs. It can also be said to be the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. 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Ethics is supposed to provide an individual with a guide for moral living, and to do so it must be rational, and to be rational it must be free of contradictions. When consistency and ethics are compromised, this is known as cognitive dissonance. Leon Festinger shared his brilliance with the world when he created the Cognitive Dissonance theoryRead MoreThe Outcome Of The 2016 Election Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesHillary Clinton is not entirely shocking. Cognitive dissonance theory, schemas and heuristics, and social influence, specifically conformity, can all help to explain why Donald Trump is America’s new president-elect. Cognitive dissonance is defined as â€Å"when people encounter an inconsistency between any two cognitions† (Haas, Lecture, October 11, 2016). These conflicting attitudes, beliefs, and values produce discomfort. 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Report On Marketing Case Study Of Virgin Atlantic

Question: Summarise Virgin Atlantics background and history, turnover, management structure, current corporate goals and targets, and markets. Your summary should use material from the Virgin Atlantic website, and other relevant online sources Develop a SWOT analysis to identify Virgin Atlantics current situation in relation to its main competitors. You should identify a minimum of three strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Your model should be developed referencing core marketing texts with content developed from articles and web sites Describe the marketing mix and its role in marketing, referencing two relevant theories and concepts Explain how Virgin Atlantic use the different elements of the marketing mix to promote their brand. You should apply at least one other theoretical model learnt during your lectures. Your explanation should be illustrated with specific examples of Virgin Atlantics events, promotional activities and target audiences (300 words). Create a diagram explaining how special events are defined and classified. Your diagram should draw upon relevant core texts Classify at least four Virgin Atlantic events using the model you have provided Explain the impact of Virgin Atlantics marketing and events strategy Answer: Introduction: Virgin Atlantic is a major airline of UK owned by Richard Bransons Virgin Group and Singapore Airlines. Key people of the organization are Richard Branson, the founder; Craig Kreeger, CEO; and Stephen Murphy, Chairman. In 1984, Richard announced to provide a high quality, value for money airline, would be in operation soon. Three months later, after gaining licenses and staffs, the Airline first took into the skies in June 1984. In the recent perspective, the Board of Directors comprises of seven non-executive directors and two executive directors. The organization structure comp-rises of an Audit committee whose role is to review the accounting policies; the Remuneration committee, whose role is to consider various reports and make recommendation; the Safety governance that looks after the safety and security; and lastly, the Joint Venture Steering committee whose members act as representative of the organization (Virgin-atlantic.com 2016). The airliner has revenue of 2.93 billion with an operating income of 14.4 million. The annual profit of the Airline was 22.5 million compared to 12.4 million last year. According to the Annual Report 2015, Virgin Airline served 5,939,000 customers on 26,739 flights to 29 non-stops destination. The operating bases re London-Gatwick, London-Heathrow and Manchester that include almost 31 destinations. Current corporate goal of Atlantic Airline is to remain as competitive as possible by taking advantage of reducing costs. The ambition of the corporate organization is to become the most loved airline by the customers. They want to be uniquely Virgin Atlantic (Virgin-atlantic.com 2016). The scope of the paper is to analyze the marketing strategies undertaken by Virgin Atlantic and its impact on its business. SWOT analysis of Virgin Atlantic: Strengths: A brand extended beyond aviation: The Airline Company enjoys the positive perception of the fact that the brand has its operation apart from aviation. The Company never fails to represent the values such as quality, value for money, fun and individuality in its advertising campaigns that attracts customers. A strong Atlantic network: In 30 years of its journey, the North Atlantic network remained ata the core of its operation Joint venture with Delta: 49% share holder Delta Airline that operates between UK and United States brings huge share. There has been an increase in the revenue from 5% to 18%. Weaknesses: Poor profitability record: Virgin Atlantic reported a pre-tax loss of 74 million. As a consequence of it, even in the profitable stage the Company lags behind 1% of its revenue. Under-capitalized balance sheet: The average cash balance dropped from 445 million to 360 million. This rapid rate of cash burn resulted in one of the weaknesses of the Airline. Failure of Little Red: The domestic UK route between London Heathrow and Manchester, Edinburgh and Aberdeen leased from Aer Lingus was named Little Red. The trend was a failure and did not help in achieving the target. Opportunities: Delta relationship might drive cost synergies: The Airline might draw its relation with the Delta to reduce the operating cost. 2. Merging and alliance: Merging with British Airways that would result in better operation. Lower expenditure cost and increasing new route option: The Airline has plans to extend its network to Tokyo, Mumbai and Cape Town. Threats: Overcapacity of North Atlantic: Due to over capacity, there has been demand-supply imbalances. Interference of EU in partnership: European Commission has been investigating the operation of partnership of the Airline that created a major threat to the company. Competition among the Gulf airlines: Three Gulf carriers like Emirates, Qatar Airlines, Etihad and Turkish Airlines are tough competitors. PESTLE ansalysis of Virgin Atlantic: Political United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and runs under the parliamentary system. Political scenario of the country is stable that provides opportunity to both domestic and international companies to operate in the nation. Economic UK ranks 5th in terms of its GDP. The country welcomes increasing Foreign Direct Investment (Thornton 2016). UK is a free market and provides opportunity for better business. Socio-cultural The Country is open to migration and that resulted in mixed ethnic group of population. People have high standard of living. Technological Being an economically developed country, the country has good access to technology. People are technologically advanced and uses digital and internet platform actively (Coursaris et al. 2014). Legal UKs law is flexible. The country has aviation laws that include aircraft trading, finance and leasing, commercial, litigation and dispute resolution (Thornton 2016). Environmental UK has strict environmental laws. The Country has laws for aviation industries that give guidelines related to environment and sustainability. Marketing mix: Marketing is a continually evolving discipline and is used actively to fight with the competition. Marketing mix is composed of four fundamental elements; product, place, promotion and people. Product The product that fits the requirement of the task of the consumers Place Place indicates the regions where the product should be available for the target group of people. Price The price of the product represents a good value of the product Promotion Promoting the product or service using various tools such as advertising, PR and others Marketing mix of Virgin Atlantic: The main objectives of the marketing strategies of Virgin Atlantic are: To secure a brand in the thought of people with a low budget: The main objective of the band is to create awareness in the mind of the people whenever they think of a dwarf budget to fly. Looking closely, Virgin Atlantic has been successful to reach in the top of mind awareness compared to British Airways. Delivering virginness: The Airline define the concept of Virginness by following six attributes: up-to-date, dynamic, innovative, stylish, helpful, fun. They aim to co-relate each of these attributes with brand preferences that are the key to ensure the efficacy of communication (Chao, Chen and Yeh 2015). Providing correct reasons to people to select Virgin Atlantic: The objective of the Airline is measured by increasing brand preferences of customers. It has been found that brand preference has increased from 49% to 73%. The marketing mix of Virgin Atlantic can be stated here: Product: The airline operates with a three-class cabin configuration- Economy, Premium Economy and Upper Class- the business class. Virgin Atlantic also maintains ten lounges that they named as the Club House that is located in New York, Boston, Washington D.C. and other western and European regions (Kaynak and Kucukemiroglu 2015). Place: The Airline has recently launched a new route to Detroit to increase the frequencies to other US destinations. With this approach, 70% of their flights serve the transatlantic market (Perreault, Cannon and McCarthy 2013). People: The target consumers are the regular users of airlines. Moreover, the recent approach of marketing is to target the consumers who look for a low budget airline (Evans 2012). Promotion: The Airline Company is using the digital media marketing platform to reach out to the targeted consumers. The company has been found to use social media and digital media like television commercials to take the initiative to promote their service (Stelzner 2012). Fig: Diagrammatic representation of Marketing Mix of Virgin Atlantic Special events of Virgin Atlantic Virgin Atlantic has come out with unique marketing and advertising strategies at regular interval. Some of these events can be discussed here: Still Red Hot campaign: The Still Red Hot campaign marked the 25th anniversary of the Airline. The campaign targeted the youth specially those belonging to the age group of 25 years. The campaign highlighted the changes in the brand and the perception of people on the Airline. The campaign was rolled to 13 major markets emphasizing mainly on US, UK and Australia (Coursaris et al. 2014). One-day campaign: Another recent campaign undertaken by the Airline was using the Twitter as the marketing platform. The campaign was again made to target the youth. The twit was trended with the caption one day, the participants were asked to narrate any incident starting with the phrase one day. Huge number of people was found to participate in the campaign, which ultimately resulted in the success of the campaign (Virgin-atlantic.com. 2016). Let it fly campaign: By the beginning of the year 2015, Virgin Atlantic came up with the most awaited advertising campaign, Let it Fly campaign. The objective behind the concept is to bring the customers ethos to life. The campaign aimed at attracting those customers who are passionate about looking for better experiences. The campaign encourages the idea to embrace human spirit and Let it fly. The campaign carries the message that life does not come twice, so one must go for it (Adageindia.in. 2016). Campaign for business traveler: In an advertising campaign in 2015, the Airline aimed at the consumers who travel for their business purpose. The campaign wanted to portray that business activities can be made adventurous if they prefer to travel by Virgin Atlantic. The campaign was equally successful and very nicely had put impact on the travelers (Anderson-Macdonald, Chandy and Zia 2014). Impact of Virgin Atlantics marketing and event strategies The marketing and event strategies have always tried to imply that Virgin Airlines has something to offer to its customers that no other Airline would offer. The message was delivered to increase the band preferences. UK has always been a strong market for Atlantic. The Red Hot campaign held great impact on not only advertising effect but other impact effect as well. The brand out performed throughout the World. All the campaigns were successful in fulfilling the objectives of the marketing (Chauhan 2015). The one-day campaign at Twitter also helped to fulfill the intension of attracting the target consumers to the campaign. Conclusion: By the end of the report it can be said that the marketing strategies of Virgin Atlantic had certain specific strategies to highlight. It always tried to target the consumers who look for a flight in budget. The Airline tried to portray that they are capable of providing everything provided by other Airline but in a budget less than the other Airline. All the campaigns were targeted for different segments of people and have successfully achieved the intention of the marketing purpose. References: Adageindia.in. 2016.Ad Age Homepage - AdAge. [online] Available at: https://www.adageindia.in/marketing/btob/virgin-atlantic-campaign-for-business-travelers-takes-flight/articleshow/46830674.cms [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Anderson-Macdonald, S., Chandy, R. and Zia, B., 2014. The impact of marketing (versus finance) skills on firm performance: evidence from a randomized controlled trial in South Africa. Chao, C.C., Chen, H.T. and Yeh, T.L., 2015. A comprehensive relationship marketing model between airlines and travel agencies: The case of Taiwan. Journal of Air Transport Management,47, pp.20-31. Chauhan, M.R., 2015. Marketing strategies for new products a study of select companies. Coursaris, C.K., van Osch, W., Balogh, B.A. and Quilliam, E.T., 2014. Social media marketing: investigating empirical links between purchase involvement, strategy and content. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Evans, D., 2012.Social media marketing: An hour a day. John Wiley Sons. Kaynak, E. and Kucukemiroglu, O., 2015. Marketing Airlines Internationally: US Travellers Attitude Toward Domestic Versus Foreign Carriers. In Proceedings of the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conferencepp. 176-180. Springer International Publishing. Perreault Jr, W., Cannon, J. and McCarthy, E.J., 2013.Basic marketing. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Stelzner, M.A., 2012.2012 social media marketing industry report: how marketers are using social media to grow their businesses. social media examiner. Thornton, J. 2016. Significant UK Environmental Law Cases 2015/16.J Environmental Law, 28(2), pp.359-379. Virgin-atlantic.com, 2016. Annual Report. [online] Available at: https://www.virgin-atlantic.com/content/dam/VAA/Documents/Pressoffice/VAL_FY15_Annual_Report.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016]. Virgin-atlantic.com. 2016.One Day | Virgin Atlantic. [online] Available at: https://www.virgin-atlantic.com/gb/en/the-virgin-experience/one-day.html [Accessed 10 Aug. 2016].

Quay Cranes Weight Management Problems

Abstract The employment of quay cranes assumes a variety of functions. Due to this, problems concerning scheduling and assignment of quay cranes arise. Cranes are to perform a variety of tasks when they are assigned to vessels.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Quay Cranes Weight Management Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main issues researched in this matter are safety during the operation of quay cranes, algorithm of vessel priority and the pattern of assignment of cranes to new vessels when their previous tasks are complete. Literature Review In the contemporary world international trade is vital for the development of the world’s economy. Maritime transportation is one of the most cost-effective and popular means of international trade. Goods are handled at ports, where the container traffic experiences rapid growth lately. For the optimisation of container traffic quay cranes are utilis ed. Currently there are three main problems considering the operation of cranes: assignment of cranes to vessels, the issue of quay time and service assignment, and the problem with scheduling of containers handles by quay cranes and their sequence. This paper provides a literature review of seven papers studying these issues. In the article called â€Å"Quay crane scheduling problem† the authors recognise the problem with quay crane scheduling due to the growth of container traffic. The sequence of discharging needs to be determined for a set number of cranes, which will shorten the time of task completion [1]. The important aspect of scheduling is the creation of balance between the stacks of loads and the number of bays. It is suggested that more thorough approach towards stacks and loads planning in each bay will optimize the operation of quay cranes.Advertising Looking for proposal on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paper titled â€Å"The dynamic berth allocation problem: A linearised  formulation† by Simrin and Diabat suggests that a progress in quay crane utilisation can be achieved by means of optimisation of container terminal operations [5]. Berth allocation problem or BAP is viewed as one of the major challenges in this sphere. The problem was addressed through an application of genetic algorithm heuristic which was used for various aspects of the problem. The obtained results were tested in order to identify the best, worst and average outcomes. The authors of the study called â€Å"A joint quay crane assignment and scheduling problem: formulation, solution algorithm and computational results† offer a simplified approach towards the problem of quay crane scheduling and integrated assignment. The problem is viewed from the perspective of a crane-to-bay assignment [6]. As a result a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm is developed in order to solve the proble m. After that the relaxed problem is solved through the constraint generation method and the performance of the Lagrangian heuristic is evaluated. In the paper called â€Å"An integrated quay crane assignment and scheduling problem† Theodorou and Diabat view container handling efficiency as the productivity of quay cranes responsible for such operations as loading and unloading of containers [7]. The authors develop a formulation for quay crane assignment. Quay crane scheduling problem is addressed with the help of genetic algorithm and the results obtained after the application of the algorithm are evaluated to determine the efficiency of calculations. Fu and Diabat, the authors of the paper titled â€Å"A Lagrangian relaxation approach for solving the integrated quay crane assignment and scheduling problem† offer an alternative approach to the problems of quay crane integrated assignment and scheduling.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Quay C ranes Weight Management Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is recognised that these two issues are always addressed independently from each other. As an alternative, Fu and Diabat suggest addressing them simultaneously this time and offer a mathematical formulation for these problems [2]. The calculations take into consideration quay crane interference. The proposed model is addressed with the help of Lagrangian relaxation and the results are evaluated. In the paper by Fu, Diabat, and Tsai called â€Å"A multi-vessel quay crane assignment and scheduling problem: Formulation and heuristic solution approach† the authors approach the problem with the assignment of quay cranes to vessels and the tasks fulfilled by cranes in a sequence [3]. Important factors such as safety of distances between operating quay cranes, priority of vessels and ordering conditions are taken into consideration in the course of calculations. Sinc e the problem is complex and has many layers, a genetic algorithm is applied to it. The evaluation of the obtained results confirms their validity. The study by Simrin, Alkawaleet and Diabat titled â€Å"A Lagrangian Relaxation Based Heuristic for the Static Berth Allocation Problem using the Cutting Plane Method† maintains that there is a variety of approaches to the solution of berth allocation problem. The difference between these approaches is the way they view berth allocation, as a static or dynamic problem [4]. The layout applied to quays is also different – it can be continuous, discrete or hybrid. Berth allocation problem is viewed as a vital aspect of optimization of work of quay cranes just like in the article called â€Å"The dynamic berth allocation problem: A linearised formulation† by Simrin and Diabat.Advertising Looking for proposal on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the present article the authors use Lagrangian relaxation with the application of cutting plane method and ran it on various aspects of the problem. References [1] N. Al-Dhaheri and A. Diabat. â€Å"Quay crane scheduling problem,† JMSY,  pp1-8, Feb. 2015. [2] Y. Fu and A. Diabat. A Lagrangian relaxation approach for solving the  integrated quay crane assignment and scheduling problem. Applied Mathematical Modeling, vol. 39, pp1194–1201, Mar. 2015 [3] Y. Fu, A. Diabat, and I. Tsai. â€Å"A multi-vessel quay crane assignment and  scheduling problem: Formulation and heuristic solution approach,† Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 41, pp6959–6965, May. 2014. [4] A. Simrin, N. Alkawaleet and A. Diabat. â€Å"A Lagrangian Relaxation Based  Heuristic for the Static Berth Allocation Problem using the Cutting Plane Method,† Science and Technology Publications, vol 1, pp565-569, 2013 [5] A. Simrin and A. Diabat. â€Å"The dynamic berth alloca tion problem: A linearised formulation.† RAIRO-Oper. Res., vol. 49, pp473-494, Jul. 2015. [6] E. Theodorou and A. Diabat. â€Å"A joint quay crane assignment and scheduling  problem: formulation, solution algorithm and computational results,†Ã‚  Optim Lett, vol. 9, pp799-817, Aug. 2014. [7] E. Theodorou and A. Diabat. â€Å"An integrated quay crane assignment and scheduling problem, â€Å" Computers Industrial Engineering, vol. 73, 115–123, Mar. 2014. This proposal on Quay Cranes Weight Management Problems was written and submitted by user Camilo F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.