The Role of Women in Perfume and the Assault

The Role of Women in Perfume and The Assault In most cases, women argon portrayed either as bring forth, savourrs or people that fulfill mens versed leads. Both Perfume by Patrick Suskind and The Assault by raise Mulisch is no exception. However, the reader might notice that in both novels women atomic number 18 portrayed in a flat, cardinal-dimensional way and yet, paradoxically, have a prodigious symbolic value. The women of these novels seem to project the protagonists needs for these kinds of love and without them the novel would not exist.Therefore, they are not important for who they are, except rather for what they represent- the maternal and internal love for men. In The Assault, Antons mother barely appears in the novel and yet we can notice how her subtly strong character had left a chequer on Antons life. Her importance deposits in what she represents in his childhood memory- a strong woman who is the core of the family. She had a cavity in her tooth that cou ld not be treated just then to relieve the pain she had found a leftover clove in the kitchen to put on the sore spot, just as her mother and grandmother used to do.She sat up straight, but her husband across the table was bent over, reading a book. (Mulish,10) Though this is a teentsy detail that Mulisch had added, it characterizes her by inferring that she was strong. A contributing detailor could be the setting of the novel. They were in time of war and the circumstances force her to be strong. We can in addition see a contrast between the mother and the father, the father was bending while she was sitting straight up. This infers that she was the more dominant picture. Therefore, even though Anton had incapacitated both parents.The reader notices that Anton later on seeks Truus and Saskia to replace her, but does not search for anyone to replace his father. Truus who is also barely appears in the novel is a make of how Anton never fully recovered of losing his mother. Sh e was present in a time where he needed her affection. However, she is like a bridge to Anton between maternal and sexual love. He touched her fingers she took hold of his hand and pulled him close. On the cot she embraced him with one arm and with her other hand pressed his head against her breast.She smelled of sweat but also of something sweetish that he couldnt identify. Perhaps it was perfume. (Mulish, 32). Though she represents security and love like his mother did to him. The word choice by Mulisch insinuates Antons sexual awakening. The particular that they are on a cot or a bed highlights the intimacy. She embraced him like a mother would embrace her child, however the focus on her breasts arouses sexual feelings in Anton which he will realize later on in his life.Moreover, in the absence of light and presence of complete darkness, Anton cannot use his sight that is where the tactual and olfactory sense becomes heightened. This causes the scene to be more intense in the r eaders head. Saskia who is Antons first wife is also a 2 dimensional character in the book that is only present as Antons image of Truss. When Anton grows up he realizes that Truus was more than a mother figure to him. There was nothing wrong with Saskias looking like the idea of Truus.Truus had infra these circumstances, aroused an image in his mind to which Saskia seemed to respond, and that was fine, for it was not Truuss image, but his own, and where it came from was undistinguished (Mulish, 131) The use of the word aroused has a sexual connotation which came from the fact he felt intimacy in the dark and as a young boy, though unconsciously this intimacy aroused something inside him. Truus became like a fantasy of love that he perused. Saskia represents that love that he needed.Moreover, the addition of under the circumstances insinuates that at the previous snatch Anton needed certain affection which was in a form of a mother. However, now he needs it in a non-platonic for m. This is where it shows that Anton never wholly recovered from losing his mother. As Sigmund Freuds theory suggests, a man unconsciously marries a mother figure. Therefore, since Truus seemed to represent a mother figure and Saskia is his image of Truus, the mother figure in this novel is linked with romantic interest.Due to all the events that had happened to Anton, the woman he encounters in the dark (Truus) embodies his need for courageous, maternal and erotic love. This makes the two dimensional character Saskia, a symbol for his erotic desire. Anton in this passage is trying to reassure himself that where Saskias image came from is unimportant, however later on the readers realize that it actually does matter to him as they get divorced. Similarly to The Assault, the women in Perfume are portrayed very superficially and like Sasika, they represent erotic love. Although Grenouille seems uninterested in sex, there are many sexual parallels.In passages where Grenouille smells th e women, Suskind describes it very sexually. he (Grenouille) tore off her dress, and the pepper of odourise became a flood that inundated him its fragrance. He thrust his face to her skin and wept his flared nostrils across her, from belly to breast, to neck, over her face and hair.. down her genitals, to her thighs and white legs. (Suskind, 45). Suskind uses imagery to form an image the readers mind. Like Mulisch did in the scene where Anton meets Truus, Suskind highlights the olfactory sense rather than others.This makes us smell the women and almost feel Grenouilles sensation. He describes the power of the scent as a flood of water that moves towards Grenouille and floods him. He is completely taken over by it as if it were sexual feelings. However, he has no interest in the girl herself, but rather what she possesses. Here is where he parallels to Anton, who is not interested in whom Truus was but in what she represents to him. Stripping the females from their scent degrad es them and reveals how Grenouille, like Anton, extracts what he needs of the woman and close ups about her as a whole.The remains of the females, which are their individualities, are forgotten like late(prenominal) flower petals. They lay on the surface for a moment, like eyes facing instant close, and lost all the color the moment the spatula pushed them down into the warm, oily embrace. And it was not that the dead blossoms continued to give off scent there in the oil no, the oil itself had appropriated the scent of the blossoms. (Suskind, 181). This is the processes that Grenouille uses to steal scents from girls. Therefore, the blossoms here are a metaphor for the girls.This insinuates that they are only important for their scent which pleases Grenouille. The rest of the girl, which is her personality and her individuality all lies insignificantly on the surface like eyes facing instant death. Suskind continues to say how the blossoms had lost their color the moment Grenou ille pushed the spatula. Sine color is what makes them beautiful it is insinuated that when Grenouille steals their scents, they are no longer beautiful for their inner selves. This makes Grenouille selfish. Anton and him extract what they need from the women and forget about her a whole.They do this to replace love that they were deprived of in their childhood. Like Anton Grenouille is deprived of his mothers love and losing her has had a crucial rival on him. Since there is a thin line between different kinds of love, Grenouille, who is missing maternal love projects his needs in a sexual way. HE steals the essence of women for his own personal pleasure. They lay on the surface for a moment, like eyes facing instant death, and lost all the color the moment the spatula pushed them down into the warm, oily embrace. And it was not that the dead blossoms continued to give off scent there in the oil no, the oil itself had appropriated the scent of the blossoms. (Suskind, 181) The use of specific time emphasizes the extent of Grenouilles love- with the scent. Smell is always a strong sense that people associate with people they care for. It is intimate. Therefore it seems like non-platonic love. Moreover, the fact that Suskind writes that Grenouille is not in love with the girl, but the scent emphasizes how Grenouille, like Anton uses women to project his needs.In conclusion, both Mulisch and Suskind do not show any effort in making the reader know the female characters deeply. Some women even remain unnamed for the whole novel However, their presence is extremely crucial for the protagonists. Women are a projection of mens needs. Some people may be offended when noticing such aspects of the portrayal of women in these two novels. There are two interpretations to why the authors portrayed the women that way. They could be either critiquing society for objectifying women or this portrayal reflects the authors own opinions

Legal Process Paper: Discrimination

rump, a 45 year old minority, is an employee in a private arena organization. He would like to file a discrimination complaint against his employer. What should he do?For many employees in the United States like buns, there is a need to demystify the legal process so that they give the gate take the right course of action. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) avers that any individual with the judgment that there has been a colza of his meshing rights may file a charge of discrimination against the EEOC. In fact, aside from trick himself, another individual, organization, or agency may file in his behalf so that Johns identity would be protected.It is imperative to understand how the litigation process in United States courts is referred to as an adversarial system. The adversarial nature is be courting of the reliance on the litigants to present their dispute before a neutral fact-finder, according to the US accosts website. By analogy, this neutral fact- finder for employment geeks is the EEOC, by virtue of the powers vested in it by rubric VII of the civilian Rights Act of 1964. On what ground is John planning to file his complaint? He lowlife make out from several laws but for the purposes of this discussion, what may be relevant to Johns baptistery are Title VII and the Age secretion and Employment Act.Title VII of The civil Rights Act of 1964This Act was term legislation in creating the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, in eliminating race segregation and discrimination base on sex. The principle of promotion from within is stird in equity since employers had already taken advantage of officeholder minority and female employees by using them in segregated jobs and often in depressed deport rates (Blumrosen, 1993, p. 74).The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA)For persons aged 40 or over, the ADEA prohibits employment discrimination. Sec.623 provides for specific prohibitions against discriminat ion in terms of hiring, promotions, wage and retiree health benefits(including a system to visualise the fees and ages) mandatory retirement and publication of age preferences and limitations in advertisements for hiring.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)SEC. 705 of the civilised Rights Act of 1964 provides for the creation, composition, duties, quasi-judicial functions and powers and of the EEOC. Corollary to this is Sec. 706 on the prevention of the unlawful employment practices, formulating the procedure for filing civil actions under the Commission. consistent to this, John may file a charge in person or by office at the EEOC office.He should fill out an intake questionnaire that contains all the information detailing his charge base on the statutes discussed above. John should also recite a clear request for EEOC to act on his complaint. If John is a federal employee, he must refer to the Federal Sector Equal Opportunity disorder Processing, which is also ava ilable on the EEOC website.What should Johns charge contain? He must state his name, address, telephone number, and the same details for the employer he is complaining against. If there were other employees in a identical situation, John must also allege that in the charge. He must describe the alleged violation and the date of its occurrence, subject to the grounds defined in the statutes above. Before he can file a lawsuit in court, this is the first step that John must accomplish.To protect his rights, John must verify that he files the charge with the EEOC within 180 days or about six months from when he was discriminated against. If John anchors his charge on violation of the ADEA, state laws can extend this period to 300 days. If there is a local anti-discrimination law, there is also a 300 day extension. What is crucial is for John to contact EEOC as soon as he believes that his rights are being violated.Civil Litigation Process State directSec. 706 refers to the process for John himself. Sec. 707 of Title VII refers to the functions of the Attorney General in determining reasonable cause and placing the complaint under the jurisdiction of the district courts. If reasonable cause is found, Johns case can be filed in Court subject to the rules on dispute liquidation.The Attorney General should file a complaint (1) signed by him, (2) setting forth facts pertaining to such pattern or practice, and (3) requesting such easeagainst the person or persons responsible for such pattern or practice, as he deems necessary. He may file with the clerk of court a request for three judges to hear the case with a certification that Johns case is of general public importance.An important point is on the matter of expediting proceedings. The Judicial Conference on strife Resolution (2007) asserts, before John can invoke formal procedures, all reasonable steps to resolve disputes via informal methods should be undertaken. Examples of these include counseling and/or mediation, prior to a formal hearing (p.2).According to the US Courts website, mediation is a flexible, nonbinding dispute resolution procedure in which a neutral third party facilitates negotiations between the parties. It saves time and money for the litigants in this case, John and his employer. Also, Mechan (1997) wrote that a discovery case management plan is required at the initial pretrial conference conference between John and his employer (p.39) so that delays would be avoided. If mediation, counseling and dispute resolution did not prosper, and so the chief judge must set the case for hearing.Civil Litigation Process Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court has jurisdiction over appeals from the final judgment of the district court convened to hear the case of John, as requested by the Attorney General after the intake questionnaire and complaint filed at the EEOC. give in to the rules on civil procedure, what is important is to guarantee that each party is not denied his day i n Court. That, and solely that, can help John resolve the legal issue of employment discrimination.ReferencesBlumrosen, Alfred W. Modern impartiality The Law Transmission System and Equal Employment Opportunity. Wisconsin U of Wisconsin P. 1993.Mecham, L. R. (1997, May). United States Courts Judicial Conference of the United States. The Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990 Final Report on Alternative Proposals for Reduction of Cost and Delay, assessment of Principles, Guidelines & Techniques. Retrieved November 26, 2007US Congress. 42 U.S.C. 2000e 2 et seq. (1964). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved November 26, 2007US Congress. 29 U.S.C. 621-624. (1967). The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Retrieved November 26, 2007 from The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (Modified 2007, September 11). Filing a heraldic bearing of Employment Discrimination. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http//www.eeoc.gov/charge/overview_charge_filing.htmlUnited States Courts. ( ) .Litigation Process. Retrieved November 26, 2007United States Courts. (2006, July). In Resolving Disputes, Mediation Most Favored ADR excerpt in District Courts. Vol. 38, Number 7. Retrieved November 26, 2007United States Courts. (2007, August 6). Statement of Work Model Employment Dispute Resolution Plan Improvements. Retrieved November 26, 2007

Health Policies in Relation to Nurse to Patient Ratio Essay

One suggested approach to ensure well(p) and effective diligent premeditation has been to legislation make staffing ratios. In 1999 calcium became the number unitary enjoin to mandate nominal foster-to- forbearing ratios in infirmarys. calcium is not the only state to enact negligible treat staffing ratios for hospitals, over the last(prenominal) four eld at least eighteen new(prenominal) states turn over holded legislation regarding nurse staffing in hospitals. Policymakers be forced to consider alternatives to nurses ratios due to nurse shortages. Whether minimum staffing ratios leave behind break working(a) conditions enough to increase nurse come forth is un bopn.The United put ins healthcare system has changed signifi merchant shiptly over the past two decades. Advances in technology and an aging population (baby boomers) have led to changes in the structure, organization, and delivery of health care services (Spetz, 2001). Low nurse staffing levels i n sharp-worded care hospitals are jeopardizing the quality of enduring care and is the leading ca employ of goods and services for Registered binds (RNs) to leave the profession (Spetz, Seago, et al., 2000). Apprehension for the breast feeding workforce and the safety of patients in the U.S. healthcare system now has the unprecedented attention of healthcare policy leaders at all(prenominal) level (Spetz, 2001). One suggested approach to ensure safe and effective patient care has been to mandate nurse staffing ratios (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005).In 1999 California did just that, it became the first state to enact legislation mandating minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in acute care hospitals (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005). group Bill 394 (1999), unionizeed the California surgical incision of Health Services (DHS) to establish circumstantial nurse-to-patient ratios for inpatient units in acute care hospitals. This was done by creati ng a hospital Licensed nurses sort to include both RNs and licence vocational nurses (LVNs) alike referred to as licensed practical nurses (LPNs) (California, 2002 July).This was not the first time a legislation had contemplated a nurse-to-patient ratio. In 1996, proposition 216 would have accomplished staffing standards for all licensed health care facilities in addition to creating a statewide health insurance system (California, 2002 Janurary). The right to vote propositionthat was rejected by the voters in 1996. Again in 1998, Assembly Bill 695 was introduced and approved by the state legislature but vetoed by then Gov. Pete Wilson (California, 2002 Janurary). Intense lobbying by unions representing California nurses would change everything with the public life of Assembly Bill 394 (California, 2002 July).The intense lobbing paid off with the election of a new governor, Gray Davis, in November 1998, who was endorsed by unions representing nurses and some opposite workers (Spetz, Seago, et al., 2000). California DHS proposed the minimum nurse-to-patient ratios (California Hospital, 2004). Thus ranged from one nurse per patient in in operation(p) rooms to one nurse per eight infants in newborn nurseries. The DHS proposed that the minimum ratios for medical-surgical and rehabilitation units be phased in (California Hospital, 2004). They initially set minimum ratios for these units at one RN or LVN per six patients and within twelve to eighteen months the goal was to shift to one nurse per five patients (California, 2002 July).Prior California law regarding nurse staffing in acute care hospitals were extended under Assembly Bill 394 (1999). State and federal regulations alter the demand for licensed nurses. Under the 1976-77 state legislative session, California hospitals must have a minimum ratio of one licensed nurse per two patients in intense care and coronary care units (California Hospital, 2003). Federally certified nursing homes are necessa ry to have a RN director of nursing and a RN on duty 8 hours a day, seven days a week (California state). If the facility has under 60 beds, the director of nursing tin can serve as the RN on duty (Harrington, 2001).This legislation also requires that at least half of licensed nurses working in intensive care and coronary care units be RNs (California state ,Title 22, Division 5, Chapter 1, Article 6, Section 70495(e).) Legislation enacted in the early 1990s requires hospitals to social occasion patient classification systems to determine nurse staffing needs for inpatient units on a shift-by-shift basis and to staff accordingly (California state ,Title 22, Division 5, Chapter 1, Article 6, Section 70495(e)).In January 2004, hospitals also will face minimum licensed nurse-to-patientratio requirements in other hospital units, as established by Assembly Bill 394 (California state, Chapter 945, Statutes of 1999). Numerous estimates of the effect of these ratios on demand for license d nurses have been published. The DHS analysis, conducted by researchers at the University of California, Davis, predicts that 5,820 new nurses will be needful in California hospitals to meet the staffing requirements (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, et al., 2002). Other analyses conducted by independent researchers have reported that the increased demand for nurses due to the ratios could be as low as 1,600 (Spetz, 2002).Growing numbers of research associates important benefits for patients and nurses will arise with the Assembly Bill 394 (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, 2002). It has been argued that nurse staffing levels are now so low as to jeopardize the well-being of hospital patients (California. Office of the regulator, 2002). Supporting Assembly Bill 394, minimum nurse-to-patient ratios assure quality by establishing a minimum standard below which no hospital can fall (Assembly Bill 394, 1999). researchers dis prevail with Californias statute requiring use of acuity-based patient classific ation systems because it is inadequate and difficult to determine whether hospitals are complying with this mandate (California Hospital, 2004). Instead they support a, simple minimum ratios to enable nurses, patients, and family members to easily identify and report inpatient units with dangerously low staffing levels (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005).It is believed that working conditions have a large influence on the number of persons willing to practice nursing in hospitals (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, 2002). To most, minimum staffing ratios would improve working conditions, which would in turn reduce the numbers of nurses leaving hospital positions and the nursing profession (Donaldson, FAAN, Bolton, Janet, Meenu Sandhu, 2005). Creating a better work environment and conditions also may attract more young persons to nursing (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, 2002). change magnitude attention to nursing and rising salaries are already raising interest levels the American Asso ciation of Colleges of nurse reports that enrollments in baccalaureate nursing programs increased in 2001, for thefirst time in six age (American Association of Colleges of nursing, 2001).The Assembly Bill 394 (1999), is great and will create a safer environment for patients, and staffing ratios would help to quench the nursing shortage but with by nurses to meet the ratios one cannot uphold and follow the nurse-patient-ratios. This is why California Governor Gray Davis announced the Nurse Workforce Initiative in his January 2002 State-of-the-State speech (California. Office of the Governor, 2002). The purpose of the Nurse Workforce Initiative (NWI) is to develop and implement proposals to recruit, train, and retain nurses both to address the current shortage of nurses in California and to support implementation of new hospital nurse-to-patient staffing ratios also announced in late January 2002 (Seago, Spetz, Coffman, Rosenoff, ONeil, 2003).The Governor made available $60 milli on over three years for the NWI (California, 2002 July). His goal is to use components designed to address the nurse shortage using both short and longer term strategies. This can range from working in partnership with local hospitals, scholarships for nursing students, career ladder projects, workplace revitalize efforts, and other strategies to increase the number of nurses (California, 2002 July). An evaluation will be done to determine which strategies to increase the supply of nurses are most effective and improve the understanding of the labor market dynamics for nurses (Seago, et al, 2003).Whether minimum staffing ratios will improve working conditions enough to increase nurse supply is unknown. The experience of hospitals in Victoria, Australia, one of the some jurisdictions to implement minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in hospitals, is instructive (Needleman, Buerhaus, Mattke, Stewart, Zelevinsky, 2001). Large numbers of nurses returned to the nursing profession after the minimum ratios were established. However, hospitals continued to face a shortage of nurses, because there were not enough returning nurses to meet demand, forcing hospital to close hospital beds (Needleman, Buerhaus, Mattke, Stewart, Zelevinsky, 2001).Besides, minimum staffing ratios address only one piece of the dissatisfaction with hospital nursing. Staffing is a major concern of many nurses, but RN job satisfaction indicates that they are also dissatisfied with other aspects of their work, including low salaries, want of control over work schedules, lack of opportunities for advancement, lack of support from nursing administrators, lack of input into policy and management decisions, and inadequate support staff to perform non nursing chores (Spetz, 2002).Maine and Massachusetts state affiliates cut their ties with the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 2001, in large part because they did not fully agree with the ANAs opposition to minimum nurse-to-patient ratios (American N urses Association, 2003). This led to the establishment of the American Association of Registered Nurses in February 2002, leaders of unions representing nurses in California, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Pennsylvania joined to establish a new national association (New England, 2005). The unions will join forces on national projects and support one anothers state legislative, collective bargaining, and organizing campaigns.Further research is needed to establish the number of states in which nurses unions have sufficient political power to enact minimum nurse-to-patient ratios. In the short term, the number of states is likely to be small. Californias rate of unionization among nurses, approximately 25 percent, is much higher than that of most states (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, 2002). In addition, ANA affiliates are more powerful in other states than in California. Proactive ANA affiliates may be able to persuade policymakers to implement other reforms that address nurses concern s about hospital staffing (American Nurses Association, 2003). Other important variables include the political influence of state AHA affiliates and elected officials ties to organized labor (American Nurses Association, 2003).California is not the only state to enact minimum nurse staffing ratios for hospitals, over the past four years at least eighteen other states have considered legislation regarding nurse staffing in hospitals (New England, 2005). Twelve states have considered bills that would mandate minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in hospitals. Fourteen states have consideredlegislation that attempts to address nurses concerns about staffing through other means, such as requiring hospitals to develop staffing plans based on patient acuity, mandating disclosure of nurse staffing ratios, and establishing a task force to study and monitor nurse staffing. Oregon, has enacted legislation that requires acuity-based staffing plans (New England, 2005).Policymakers in other states may wish to consider a well-designed acuity-based ratio system as an alternative to minimum nurse-to-patient ratios (New England, 2005). Many states have regulations that require hospitals to use patient classification systems to determine nurse staffing, but these regulations face much criticism, as discussed above. Although many of these regulatory systems do not function well today, they could form the basis for strong but flexible staffing regulations in the future (New England, 2005). States could mandate particular patient classification systems, develop methods of ensuring that staff and patients are aware of the required staffing during every shift, and establish effective enforcement mechanisms (New England, 2005).Alternatively, states could require that hospitals submit information relevant to their staffing needs every can and could mandate a ratio for that quarter based on an analysis of patients needs, availability of support staff, and other factors (New England, 2005). Texas is pursuing a totally different approach to the nursing situation that is tailored to the unique spate of individual hospitals. Under regulations issued 24 March 2002, hospitals are required to establish committees to develop nurse staffing plans and to use data on nurse-sensitive patient outcomes to assess and adjust staffing plans (Texas Nurses Association, 2002). At least one-third of the members of these committees must be RNs engaged primarily in direct patient care (Institute, 1999).The minimal nurse staffing on patient acuity or nurse-sensitive outcomes respond to nurses justifiable concerns about hospital staffing without imposing rigid mandates (Harrington, 2001). The flexible staffing approaches be more appropriate than ratios, given the complexity and rapid pace oftechnology changing the delivery of hospital care. (Harrington, 2001). Nurses job satisfaction and retention may enhance the opportunities for hospital nurses to play a more direct role in staffing decis ions (Kravitz, Sauve, Hodge, 2002).The key is without more nurses no ratio can be met. So the focalise needs shift on reaching as many young people as viable by showing them that they to could be a good fit in the nursing community. They need to know that nurses are people too, and the traits of a nurse, such as not being squeamish over the locoweed of blood comes with time. Stepping out into the high schools and broadcasting information about nurses can translate into only one thing, more students who pursue a nursing career. There is no better way to start, than by put a seed in the mind of a young person who is about to step out into the world and choose a career. The more educating and qualified young people health care workers can get to chose a nursing career, the better off the nurse-to-patient ratio becomes, allowing for a safer environment for future patients, by permitting more effective health care.ReferencesAiken, L., & Clarke, S., & Sloane, D. (2002). Hospital Restr ucturing Does It AdverselyAffect Care and Outcomes? Journal of Nursing Administration, 30(10), 457-465.American Nurses Association. (2003). Nurse Staffing Plans and Ratios. Retrieved June, 10, 2007, from http//nursingworld.org/GOVA/ verbalise/2003/ratio1203.pdfAmerican Association of Colleges of Nursing. (2001, December 20). Enrollments Rise at U.S. Nursing Colleges and Universities Ending a Six-Year Period of Decline, Press Release, Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/NewsReleases/enrl01.htmAssembly Bill 394. (1999). Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from http//info.sen.ca.gov/pub/99-00/bill/asm/ab_0351-0400/ab_394_cfa_19990628_171358_sen_comm.htmlCalifornia Hospital Association. (2004). Californias nurse-to-patient staffing ratios Proposedmodifications. Retrieved March 14, 2005 from http//www.calhealth.org/public/ machinate/Article/124/Ratio%20Modifications%20Fact%20Sheet%20finaCalifornia Hospital Association. (2003, September). Hospital minimum nurse-to-patient ratios as required by AB 394. Retrieved April 13, 2005 fromhttp//www.calhealth.org/public/ press out/Article/113/Nurse%20Ratio%20chart.pdfCalifornia. Office of the Governor. (2002, January 22). Governor Gray Davis Announces Proposed Nurse-to-Patient Ratios. Press Release, Sacramento Office of the Governor.California. Office of the Governor. (2002, July 15). Sets countrys First Safe Nursing Standards Governor Davis Announces Nurse-to-Patient Ratios, Press Release, Retrieved 10 June, 2007, fromhttp//www.calnurses.org/nursing-practice/ratios/ratios_index.htmlCalifornia state legislature Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from http//www.legislature.ca.gov/Donaldson, N., & FAAN, B., & Bolton, L., & Janet E., & Meenu Sandhu, M. (2005, August 08). New study examines impact of nurse-patient ratios law, California. Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from Policy, Politics & Nursing Practices website http//ppn.sagepub.comHarrington, Charlene. 2001. Nursing Facility Staffing Policy A Case Study for Political Change. Policy , Politics, and Nursing Practice, 2(2), 117-127.Institute for Health and Socio-Economic Policy. (1999 September). California Health Care Sicker Patients, Fewer RNs, Fewer Staffed Beds. Retrieved 10 June, 2007 from www.calnurse.org/cna/pdf/StaffingRatios6.pdfKravitz, R., & Sauve, M., & Hodge, M. (2002). Hospital NursingStaff Ratios and Quality of Care. University of California Davis, report submitted to State of California, Department of Health Services, Licensing andCertification.Needleman, J., & Buerhaus, P., & Mattke, S., & Stewart, M., & Zelevinsky, K. (2001). Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes in Hospitals. Washington DC Bureau of Health Professions, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved June, 10, 2007, from http//bhpr.hrsa.gov/nursing/staffstudy.htmNew England public policy center and the Massachusetts health policy forum. (2005, July). Nurse-to-patient ratios Research and reality. Retrieved 10 June, 2007, from http//www.bos.frb.org/economic/neppc/conreports /2005/conreport051.pdfSpetz,

The ramayana

Equality is a state patchpower and women will never agree on. Standards for both genders vary when comp ard. The differences between the genders atomic number 18 clearly shown in The Ramayana. Women be Judged by their dish aerial. A perfect woman must be beautiful and loyal to her husband. Men are not only Judged by their beauty, but also by their strength. Because women are often considered the weaker sex, men are expected to protect the women. Everything about a woman revolves around her appearance. Women are Judged by their appearances. Beauty is the prime(prenominal) aspect a man notices when meeting a woman. Sita is a woman of unearthly beauty (Narayan 76).Rama falls in love at first sight with Sita and Ravana falls in love with the mere description of Sita. This shows how of import a womans appearance is in The Ramayana. Before anything else is taken into consideration, beauty will ever so stand first. ones temper is determined by how beautiful one is. It is believe d that with beauty, comes good things such as loyalty and kindness. The rest of a womans personality follows through after beauty. Because Sita is beautiful, she is also assumed to be loyal, trus twainrthy, and polite. After all, everything about a woman comes in a package.Ugly women have different stereotypical traits. Women who are considered ugly are the exact gelid of Sita. Kooni is not a positive influence on any of the characters in The Ramayana. Kooni has a deformity (Narayan 116). Her hunched prickle is considered an imperfection, which goes against the stereotypical portrayal of women at the time. As said before, beauty is the root of a womans personality. Kooni goes against the standard for women at the time, which makes her evil and manipulative. Koonis outer appearance determines how everyone else sees her as in heir own eye.The signifi pukece in explaining beauty is that everything was based on a womans beauty. From how they acted to how they treated, everything revo lved around how beautiful a woman was. Portrayed as the weaker one, women do not have much ground. Rama immediately rejects Sita after he drive homes her. She needs to reach the doorway of death in order for her to be trusted. Sita lights a fire on the spot (Narayan 161) and jumps in. Only when the wide god of fire presents Sita with words of b slighting did Rama welcome her back. This shows how women are never given the benefit of the doubt.Women are always accused of being guilty before innocent. Because men have more power in golf-club, men are the ones who are assumed to be innocent not guilty. Men will always have the upper hand in hostelry. If there was a dispute between a man and a woman, the man would be in favor of winning Just because he is the gender that is more respected by all. Mens power is shown through how substantially he is able to protect women. It is their business to protect women. Although Valis brother is his enemy, he still wanted to protect and help his wife when he was gone (Narayan 110). defend women is top priorityno matter what the situation is.Vali and Sugreeva hate each other. They are always do and neck with one another. When it comes to protecting Sugreevas wife, Vali is able to put his feud between Sugreeva to the side and happily safeguard Sugreevas wife. This is signifi corporationt because it shows how women were more valued in society, but treated with less respect. Men The roles for the different genders in The Ramayana are different. Women are known for their beauty while a mans status is portrayed through how well he can protect a woman. Both relate to the strength and appearance one has on the outside. All other traits follow what is physically seen.The RamayanaThe Ramayana is an electrifying piece by Valmiki that exposes the readers to different relevant themes that they can relate to real-life situations. It is imperative to note that the theme is an integral part of any poem since it helps the poet to e xpress the mean lesson, point of view and conclusion. In the poem, the author uses different outright themes, but the outstanding one is heroism. It is evidently clear throughout the poem as Ramas belligerent nature in different battles identifies him as a hero and a perfect man.The contrast between good and evil is very clear in the poem as Rama seeks to only do good in everything he undertakes. He is just, generous and a good master of his reactions. From the traits demonstrated by Rama, the great quality of a hero is being attentive and mindful of his judgments, and more importantly, a champion of good deeds.The same is implied in the poem The Thousand and One Nights where Shahrazad is fearless and refuses to be cowed by male authority. She aims to teach the king a lesson, which can be coition to feminist motivation. Even though the deuce characters traits sharply contrast one another in the two poems, the similarity between them is that they are heroes in different aspects. In the case of Rama, he seeks to save members of the society by remaining just, whereas Shahrazad is ready to do even evil to save women from their unpleasant husbands.There is a lot that the readers can discern from the poem. Firstly, sometimes, an effect can be pursued through doing good or being extremely approximative, but the question is whether that is necessary. In the case of Shahrazad, being hash would be grant since the environment is unfriendly for loyal wives. On the other hand, Rama is a prince and is more sensitive to keep his eyes on Dharma all the times. When Sita is abducted by Ravana, the king of Lanka.In this episode, Rama is more concerned about the matters affecting the society and is willing to oppose the authority when doing harm to the people. On the other hand, Shahrazad is willing to do anything, even harm, to save women from the face of harsh husbands. Therefore, the two characters are considered heroes in the two different pieces because, through them, a greater lesson is learned, a lesson of a perfect duty to save humanity.From the two poems, one can infer a fight to defend and restore the dignity of women, which has been a great concern for the feminist movements. In the two poems, Shahrazad is a representation of women who refuse male chauvinism. She is ready to do anything to ensure that women are not subjected to harsh male authority. On the other hand, Rama is an example of a good man who does good in the society. The readers can learn a lot from these and relate them to the society.The society is marred with harsh rulers who subject their people to pain in the ass and suffering through draconian laws. It needs strong heroes like Rama and Shahrazad to install an order that takes care of the less fortunate who experience the wrath of such bad leadership. Therefore the two poems are relevant to be studied in the contemporary society.

Chemical Effects of Electric Current Essay

EXTRA QUESTIONSQ. Why the bulb glows when the galvanising current passes through it? Ans. Due to the hotness effect of current, the filament of the bulb gets heated to a high temperature and it starts glowing. Q. Write a short measure on(a) LEDAns. LED- Light Emitting Diodes ar used for lighting.There are twain wires(called leads) attached to a LED. One lead is longer than the other. Longer lead machine-accessible to positive terminal of batteryShorter lead- connected to negative terminal of batteryAdvantages over CFL- LEDs consumes less electrical energyLEDs glow even in jerry-built currentCFL contain mercury which is toxic and hence CFLs require safe disposalDisadvantages over CFL- LEDs are expensiveQ. Ionic compounds do non conduct electricity in solid form moreover their aqueous solution conduct electricity. Why? Or Common salt does not conduct electricity but its aqueous solution conduct electricity. Why? Ans. Ionic compounds (e.g.- Common salt) have strong unchangin g forces of attraction between their constituent ions. Thus ions are strongly held and green goddessnot move. Therefore, cannot conduct electricity. Aqueous solution gist solution prepared by dissolving in pissing. Water has a high dielectric eternal(ability to essay charges or ability to separate opposite ions in ionic compounds) and thus diminish the attraction of the two opposite charges. Ions are now free to move and thus conduct electricity.NCERT QUESTIONSQ. When the free ends of a examiner are dipped into a solution, the magnetic needle shows deflection. set up you explain the reason? Ans. The magnetic or compass needle shows deflection due to magnetic effect of electric current. This proves that the given solution is a conducting solution as circuit is complete and current is flowing through the wire wrapped about magnetic compass resulting in deflection of magnetic needle.Q. Name three liquids, which when well-tried in the agency shown in Fig. 14.9, may cause the m agnetic needle to deflect. Ans. Conducting liquids like lemon juice(acid), caustic soda solution(base) and brine(salt solution) vacate current to pass through them. Thus, circuit gets complete and current flows through the wire wrapped near magnetic compass resulting in deflection of magnetic needle.Q. Does pure wet conduct electricity? If not, what can we do to move over it conducting? Ans. No, Pure or distilled water does not conduct electricity. Reason- As pure or distilled water does not contain fade away impurities like salts. Addition of acid, base or salt make water conducting as these ionic compounds ionise or dissociate into ions due to high dielectric constant of water. Flow of ions conducts electricity.Q. In case of a fire, before the firemen use the water hoses, they shut off the important electrical supply for the study. Explain why they do this. Ans. Water used by fireman is not pure or distilled. Such water or tap water can conduct electricity as it contains di ssolved impurities like salts. If the electrical supply for the area is not shut off and water by mistake falls over electrical appliances, then current will pass through water harming the firemen. That is why, in case of a fire, the firemen shut off the main electrical supply for the area before they use the water hoses.Q. A child staying in a coastal region tests the drinkable water and also the seawater with his tester. He finds that the compass needle deflects more in the case of seawater. Can you explain the reason? Ans. Both drinking water and sea water contains dissolved salts or ionisable impurities. only when the amount is more in the sea water which makes it more conducting than the drinking water. Therefore, the compass needle deflects more in the case of seawater.Q. Is it safe for the electrician to carry out electrical repairs outdoors during heavy downpour? Explain. Ans. No, it is not safe to repair electrical appliances outdoors during heavy downpour. As we know p recipitate water is acidic. Hence, rain water can conduct electricity. The electrician may get electrical shocks while on the job(p) outdoors during rain or heavy downpour.Q. Paheli had heard that rain water is as good as distilled water. So, she collected some rain water in a clean glass tumbler and tested it using a tester. To her surprise, she found that the compass needle showed deflection. What could be the reasons? Ans. Rain water when precipitate dissolves impurities from atmosphere. It contains dissolved impurities like acids which makes it a conducting solution. There are no dissolved acids or impurities present in the distilled water. Hence, rain water can allow electric current to pass through it while distilled water cannot. flight of current completes circuit and hence compass needle showed deflection due to magnetic effect of electric current.

Accounting Environment Essay

Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter the students should be fitting to ?Explain the meaning and purpose of bill ?Describe the role of chronicle as a cultivation remains ? Describe why be is considered as the language of avocation ? Assess the impact of outer environmental factors on method of accounting Introduction accounting has evolved and emerged as most some other fields of gentlemans gentleman activity in response to the amicable and economic demand of society.Today accounting is moving by from its traditional procedural base, encompassing record maintenanceing and related activities towards the adoption of a role which emphasizes its social importance. In this context, this introductory chapter of the course manual deals with the definition of accounting, use of accounting as an instruction dust and the language of business, substance ab exploiters of accounting schooling and the impact of external environment on accounting. Definition of chronicl e The fountainhead what is meant by accounting has not been answered precisely. Instead there are numerous definitions on accounting.Some of these definitions are considered in this section to identify the purpose and functions of accounting. The Committee on Terminology of the American Institute of apprised Public Accountants (AICPA) formulated the spare-time activity definition on accounting in 1941. Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, legal proceeding and events which are, in part at least, of a pecuniary character, and interpreting the results thereof. This definition of AICPA, USA has been quoted for many years. However, it defines accounting only from the point of view of what it does.Hence, it does not clearly establish the purpose of accounting. On the other hand, the following definition renderd by the American Accounting Association (AAA) in 1961 emphasizes the broader perspective of account ing. This definition focuses on accounting as an aid to purpose-making. Accounting is the offshoot of identifying, measuring and communicating economic breeding to permit certain judgements and decisions by drug users of the information. In 1970, AICPA of USA provided the following definition on accounting with reference to the concept of information.The term quantitative information used in this definition is wider in scope than pecuniary or economic information used in antecedent definitions. Accounting is a service activity. Its function is to provide quantitative information primarily financial in nature about economic activities that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. some(prenominal) definitions of AAA and AICPA show that accounting is considered not merely with record keeping. Instead it involves with a whole err of activities. These twain definitions emphasize on using accounting information for decision making purposes.Both internecine partie s of an organization (e. g. managers) and outside parties (e. g. owners, creditors, g everyplacenment) use accounting information in making decisions that affect the organization. Although these definitions have looked at accounting from different perspectives, they have been able to good deal the boundary of accounting. They have established the nature of accounting and the purpose for which it is used. Hence, based on these definitions, it can be said that accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to various stakeholders of an organization to be used in decision making.Accounting as an education System AAA definition on accounting implies two phases (1) identifying and measuring economic information and (2) communicating economic information to users (stakeholders of an organisation) for decision making purposes. These two phases show that accounting acts as an information system in an organisation. The accounting process involves recoding and processi ng of transactions and events of an entity that had occurred during a specific period of time, and communicating the information relevant to processed transactions and events to aid decision-making of various users of accounting information.As an information system, accounting links an information source or transmitter (preparer/s of information), a channel of communication (financial and other statements/reports) and a set of receivers (users of information/stakeholders of an organization). The omen 1 shows how accounting functions as an information system in business and economic decisions. In the accounting system, transactions and events are the input and the statements of reports given to decision- turnrs are the output. Figure 1 Accounting as an Information System in Business and Economic DecisionsData tooth root Lal, J. (2005), embodied Financial Reporting Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi. Accounting as the Language of Busine ss Accounting is often called the language of business because it is considered as the main mean of communicating information about a business. This reference to accounting as the language of business is observed by Ijiri (1975) as follows As the language of business, accounting has many things in common with other languages.The various business activities of a firm are reported in accounting statements using accounting language, just as reported news events are reported in newspapers, in the side Language. To express an event in accounting or in English we must follow certain rules. Without following certain rules diligently, not only does one run the risk of being misunderstood but too risks a punishment for misinterpretation, lying or perjury. Comparability of statements is essential to the effective functioning of a language whether it is in English or in Accounting.At the same time, language has to be flexible to adapt to a ever-changing environment. A language loosely has tw o components symbols and rules. In accounting too, these two components are available. In accounting, numerals and words, and debits and assign are accepted symbols and they are unique to the accounting discipline. The rules in accounting refer to the general set of procedures followed in creating financial information for an entity. Anthony and Reece (1991) draw a parallel between accounting and language as follows. Accounting resembles a language in that some of its rules are definite whereas others are not.Accountants differ as to how a given event should be reported, just as grammarians differ as to many matters of time structure, punctuation and choice of words. Nevertheless, just as many practices are clearly poor English (language), many practices are definitely poor accounting. Languages evolve and swap in response to the changing needs of society, and so does accounting. Users of Accounting Information There is an array of users (or stakeholders) who make use of accounti ng information for decision making. These user sort outs include present and otential investors, managers, employees, lenders, suppliers, customers, analysts, media, government, and the general public. However, with the broadening of the accountability of organizations, they are accountable to a large group of stakeholders, some of them not clearly known or identified by the organizations. These users can be broadly categorized as internal and external users of accounting information. The term internal users refers to parties within an organization that make decisions directly affecting its internal operations and this category usually includes managers and employees of an entity.All other users can be grouped under the term external users, which refer to parties outside the organization that make decisions concerning their relationship to the organization. These two major classifications of users have led to a distinction between two main areas of accounting financial accounting a nd management accounting. The primary concern of financial accounting is to provide information to external user groups. On the other hand, the management accounting is primarily concerned with the provision of information to internal user groups. These users have diverse information needs.However, among these diverse needs too, there are common information needs. The financial statements of an entity that provide information about its financial performance, financial position, and changes in financial position address these information needs common to all users. As these financial statements are prepared to meet the information needs of a cross-section of users, they are known as common-purpose (general-purpose) financial statements. However, these financial statements do not provide all the information that users need to make decisions since they largely portray the financial effects of past transactions and events.The responsibility to prepare and present financial statements lie s with the management of an entity. As general-purpose financial statements meet the information needs of users who are unable to command the preparation of financial reports of an entity, the government has imposed regulations to govern these financial statements. These regulations are intended to protect the public interest. External Environmental Factors influencing Accounting The pace and change in external environmental factors have a profound influence on business organizations and the way in which they are managed.These factors could be social, economic, political, legal or technological. Accounting, as the language of business and its information system is also affected by these changes. The changing conditions in the external environment have confronted accounting with a payoff of challenges that should be recognized, accepted and addressed to ensure its relevance and usefulness. This has made accounting to change and grow over the years to meet social requirements and to guide business and industry requirements. Thus, understanding accounting requires understanding the environment within which accounting operates and which it is intended to reflect.The society has been subjected to political, social, economic and technological change. These changes have resulted in globalization, the rise of informed and selective customers, the development of information technology and etc. These changes in the external environment factors are reflected in business organizations through the shift in business types and cost profiles, increase in strategic decision making and greater emphasis on survival. The changing conditions within business organizations lead accounting to change in order to meet the new requirements resulted from these changes.The areas requiring changes in accounting include selection of data, information processing, distribution of information, role of accounting standards, assumptions and perspectives of accounting, and uses and impact of ac counting information. Thus, todays chop-chop changing environment is forcing accounting to reassess its role and function both within the organization and society. Although challenges imposed by different environmental factors on accounting could be discussed separately, they should be viewed from a holistic perspective.This is because the power of potential improvement lies in the cohesion of the changes rather than in individual items. The changing conditions in the business environment will manakin the future for accounting. The environment within which business and accounting function operate has become increasing complex. 1 of its characteristic features is that many social, economic, political, legal and technological influences that create continual change in that environment and these in turn impact on accounting and its product, accounting information.However, it is sometimes criticized that accounting has not been able to keep pace with this changing conditions in the e xternal environment. Summary This chapter provides an overview of accounting based on its nature and purpose, users of accounting information and impact of external environment on accounting. The primary objective of accounting is to provide information that can be used by the stakeholders of an organization (users of accounting information) in making their decisions. These decisions could have a bearing on the resource allocation process in the country and thereby on the economic growth and development of the country.However, the role and functions of accounting cannot be considered in isolation from the social-political-economic context within which it is operating. The rapidly changing external environment is posing many challenges to accounting and it needs to adapt to these changing conditions. This requires a continual process of renewal and improvement in accounting. References American Accounting Association (1966), A rumor of Basic Accounting Theory, AAA. American Institut e of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1941), Review and Resume, Accounting Terminology Bulletin, no. . American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) (1970), Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises, Accounting Principles Board Statement No. 4, Anthony, R. N. and Reece, J. S. (1991), Accounting Principles, Richard D Irwin. Ijiri, Y. (1975), Theory of Accounting Measurement, Research Report, No. 10, AAA. Lal, J. (2005), Corporate Financial Reporting Theory and Practice, second edition, Taxmann Allied Services (Pvt) Ltd, New Delhi.

The surface below Ai's handcuff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The surface below Ai&aposs manacle - Essay ExampleThe Jade Handcuffs represents superb creativity and aesthetic taste of Ai, but much significantly, it is a powerful indictment to the injustice imposed on him by the government that suppresses liberty and democracy. The thickening issues behind the dim-witted-looking craftwork are noteworthy and deserve to be reflected upon.Ai Weiwei was born in 1957, Beijing. He is endlessly recognized as a reputable artist who has been crafting a variety of art works passim his career and also a cultural arbiter in terms of his heavy condemnation of the Chinese Communist Party by the public media. The Jade handcuffs is fairly small in scale, has social club serrates, and it was carved out from black Jade stone. correspond to Lisson gallery, this art piece was initially sold for 70,000 Euros in 2013 and subsequently made its debut in Ais first retrospective show According To What? This craftwork signifies Ais 81 days in detention by Chinese g overnment in 2011. After his release, he employ the exact image of the handcuff used on him in put behind bars to create this piece which was carved from moil stone which is a precious Chinese material that is ofttimes used as family heirlooms in ancient China. Jade is also a symbolic stone because it is used to represent and reminiscent of the prosperous and Chinas imperial past. The sublime quality of black jade gives the artwork a warm smooth touch. His brilliant choice of medium recalls an ancient artistic heritage while at the same time referring to the repressive nature of the current political system.2Regardless of the simple appearance of Ais handcuff, the craftsmanship involved in its production is quiet complicated. Ai worked with a highly skillful carver while making his handcuffs. The carvers skill is particularly evident in the mesh topology rings that form the chain, which were neither joined nor glued, but rather cut of the same single