Which enable clients to quote Essay Example for Free

Which enable clients to quote Essay In recent years, the significance of E-Procurement strategies has been emphasized frequently in the field of e-commerce. Since there are many dimensions in the implementation of E-Procurement strategies, a multi variety of E-Procurement strategies have been developed and embodied. E-Procurement is more than just a system for making purchases online. E-Procurement system can connect companies and their business process directly with suppliers while managing all interactions between them. Which enable clients to quote, requisition, order, and track and receive through single online channel. Finding an appropriate and well managed is a crucial step in creating E-Procurement strategies. To solve this problem, this study investigates various approaches towards achieving best E-Procurement strategies for a given category. Significance of E-Procurement It’s evident that E-Procurement sites are the most successful. How you approach your target audience may differ depending on whether one uses a business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce model, but the major goal is to meets your customers’ needs and generate profit at the same time. Applying E-Procurement, benefits Supplier, Merchant and Customers. The companies can save on purchasing costs through online e-procurement system by tracking purchase, suppliers, better negotiation. To be successful, the e-seller must select best E-Procurement strategies for Managing all the challenges for B2B Procurement which includes approved suppliers on-line, Increasing efficient of purchase management ,better Forecasting , best deal reports ,accessibility, flexibility, control ,cost ,time , Less maverick buying and for some global operations (Chaffey, 2007). Strategies for e-procurement E-procurement is the automation of the procurement processes so that the sourcing vendor selection, procurement processes, shipment status tracking and payment can be made in an online environment. The main aim of the e-procurement application is to reduce the cycle time for performing such applications hence increasing the opportunities that will attract more suppliers and greater bargaining power to the buyers and this helps a company or an organization to realize greater profits within the organization. Most of the organizations and companies nowadays are looking for ways in which they are going to cut cost as the living standards and economic status keeps on changing and this leaves most of the companies with no option than to look for various ways to cut costs in every possible way. This can only be achieved by what is known as procurement and different companies have different definitions making it the strategic arm for cost reduction. Procurement is a very broad term and companies have to adapt e-procurement for all types of purchasing and in most cases the best place to apply electronic procurement is where a very close business relationship must be established and ongoing mutual aid is needed with suppliers and this is especially when developing new products or technologies. In today’s dynamic business companies are differentiating sourcing and logistics, value chain has been be the only solution due to the e-procurement applications which helps organizations and companies to realize lots of benefits through its usage and makes the company discover a cost reduction of up to 5-10% of the total procurement spent in an organization. Before any company or organization thinks of using the e-procurement they have to bear in mind if the implementation will help the organization to generate more income and the benefits it will deliver to their organization and if it will deliver the same benefits to the industry. This profits of the e-procurement can only be realized when a well plan procurement strategy is put in place and this strategy that may seem to be different from other companies is what will help your organization to realize the huge profits which will be an advantage to your company. According to research done on different sectors it indicates that almost 55% of the procurement expenditure is on services with the major services procured is management, business and administration services, and advertisement, marketing and sales services, technology services and others and yet most organizations do not have a corporate wide policy for procuring such services. Another option that can be helpful for an organization is to choose only certain aspects of the e-procurement process to automate. For example some of the organization and businesses do their negotiations outside the e-procurement system and use the internet to do all their purchasing and order tracking and this will help an organization a great deal to realize huge profits depending on their needs. Many of the organizations and businesses simply use e-procurement for connectivity purposes and this option is only suitable to companies or businesses that are not interested in making a major switch and are happy with their procurement system they have. E-procurement systems help every company a great deal in terms of delivery as they get impressive returns on their investments To effectively implement the e-procurement 1. Start with non-critical items. An initial e-procurement system should slim the amount of paperwork needed for purchasing and reduce order complexity by standardizing the exchange process between supplier and buyer. Use your intranet to bring all internal stake-holders on board with your new procurement process and to establish internal customer behavior. Streamline, map, test, troubleshoot and improve the process before expanding it to external suppliers. Work with a favored supplier to test the system. 2. Leverage your system once it’s running. Exploit your full purchasing power by using reversed auctions. Invite new suppliers to participate once the system has proven itself. 3. Combine buyers within your organization to increase your purchasing power and gain better pricing. 4. Use a portfolio approach to expand your system. It is not possible to have uniform relationships with all suppliers nor are all purchasing requirements the same. Sort purchasing needs into groups that can use a similar process and a similar template Difficulty in E-Procurement There exist several differences between Merchants from different parts of the globe due to differing cultures, values, Policy and terms. In addition, Involved in managing more complex B2B relationships requiring expensive technology and capabilities. Integrating between purchasing process and information of Inventory, logistics and other systems require much more customization. Business Objectives towards E-Procurement Strategy The main aim of the business to reduce the cost, Improve contact compliance. Enhanced market data. Improve in provisions of service and cost. Strengthen the competition, balancing the trade during agile business process, Improve the Internal customer relationship management. Best Spend Management during recession. One-stop-shopping, getting more partners, reduced dependency and lower inventory. Reduced paper cost, Better finding products. Distributes the purchasing power to authorized user, standardizes buying methods. To make effective use of human resources (Kaplan, Norton, 2004). Business/Purchaser considerations Towards E-Procurement Strategy In order to achieve E-Procurement across all channels, it is important that the business develops at least minimal strategy outlining its goals and how to achieve them. Understanding current purchasing policies. Investigate the type of spending by classifying the buying goods in terms of direct and indirect. Identify the source of goods and services which are belong to either contract or spot purchase. To be success, it depends in large part on the number and types of merchants that join. Considering the extra cost which may be included in switching supplier. Maintaining supplier business relationship (Dobni, 2003). Identify high supply risk and low profit of business process. Financial standing, settlement and Logistics needs of Purchaser, Quality of Purchaser staff. Supplier/Technology Consideration towards E-Procurement What are the functions are included. Is key suppliers are ready to use e-commerce. Who and how best maintain the catalogue content. Is it feasible interface with leading supplier hubs and is it scalable to meet the supplier needs (Verma, 2007). Developing the Best Strategy for E-Procurement The initial E-procurement strategy can be derived from the following steps. Identify the objectives of business and possible conditions. Then involves in situation and context analysis and followed by SWOT analysis of business, Technology and process . Finally derive the best strategy by taking the Key considerations from Merchant, supplier and Technology perspective. As well as consider budget and performance perspective without deviating from the Business Goals and Objectives (Kaplan, Norton, 2004). Guidelines for choosing best E-Procurement strategy E-procurement is basically divided into 4 categories as Buyer centric, Supplier centric, E-marketplaces, and Collaborative. The following bullet points are generic and applicable to all categories †¢ Addressing basic type of goods and service covered by e-procurement. Direct and Indirect goods. Indirect materials are generally included commodity and standard Item and often cut industry line and low risk. †¢ Direct Materials are not easy to automate and consume large resources and need degree of collaboration with suppliers †¢ Focusing on defined Target groups E-procurements process is geared towards the supplier and consumer satisfaction and needs. †¢ Equal Fostering competition Both supplier and consumer should be economically benefit †¢ Enable supply management to focus on value added function of contract management and Strategic sourcing Controls Procurement expense and makes great deal of sense to help keep costs under control †¢ Encouraging the re-use of existing solutions †¢ Intensify the collection of feedbacks and success stories from direct and indirect contact †¢ Create Effective Collaboration which provide best Cross functional and supplier collaboration †¢ Spend Management Initiatives reduce of Maverick buying and tightened spend management †¢ Provide Price adjusting strategy based on the situations and deals †¢ Manages a Global system of supply chain methods to support beyond corporative Limit by introducing modern and structured e-procurement process. The process is transparent and easy to use. †¢ Selecting the appropriate e-procurement techniques for the give products needs †¢ Depends on company size and financial status select either wait and see or passive approach †¢ Increase corporate leverage with the reports available †¢ Choosing effective Platform o Easy to use by both vendor and buyer o Flexible enough to accommodate direct and indirect purchasing needs o Functionality rich enough to perform wide rand of purchasing, searching, sourcing, bidding, tracking, auditing, †¢ Choosing Right vendor o Considering quality of service providers includes B2B strong knowledge and market place Interaction (Gronroos, Ojasolo, 2004). Conclusion There is need of choosing best e-procurement strategy to be successful in B2B relationship. For this to be effectively achieved, it should be in a way that is acceptable by both Purchaser and supplier to meet their needs. As such, the B2B relation success is determined by ability of choosing best strategy of e-procurement. References Dobni, D. (2003). A framework for understanding service sector Productivity, the Journal of Services Marketing. Gronroos, C. Ojasolo, K. (2004). â€Å"Service productivity: towards a conceptualization of transformations of inputs into economic results in services†. Journal of Business Research. Kaplan, R. S. , Norton D. P (2004). The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance, Harvard Business Review. Kaplan, R. S. , Norton D. P (2004). Putting the Balanced Scorecard to Work, Harvard Business Review Verma, K. (2007). Service marketing: text and cases. India: Pearson education Aaker, D. (2004). Brand portfolio strategy: creating quality service delivery. Free press. Business Review Weekly, vol. 21, issue 34-37 Business review weekly: Dell Inc. Business review weekly. Chaffey, Dave (2007). E-business and e-commerce management. Prentice Hall. Ogg, Erica (2009). A modest approach to fix Dell’s customer service. Retrieved on 12th February, 2009 from http://news. cnet. com/8301-10784_3-9939821-7. html Dell Website. Build or release? Retrieved on 12th February, 2009 from http://www. dell. com/downloads/global/power/ps3q09-20090389-Build. pdf Holzner, Steven (2006). How Dell does it. McGraw-Hill Professional. Blackshaw, Peter (2008). Satisfied customers tell three, angry customers tell 3000. Doubleday.

Faith Is Being Sure Of What We Hope

Faith Is Being Sure Of What We Hope Faith is being sure of what we hope for and certain of what we do not see. This is a big part of believing in God and even life itself. We have faith in everything from a car not stopping in the middle of the interstate, to the roof on are house not toppling down on us as were sitting on our couch. We dont personally go and check every bolt and screw on an airplane before we let a stranger fly us through the air. This is because we have great faith in the airplane and the pilot. To have faith in God isnt a reward we are given by how much time we read the Bible or by how much we go to church. Faith is a gift from God. We are given faith by believing that Jesus is the Christ, the son of God. Without faith it is impossible to please God, because anyone who comes to him must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who earnestly seek him.(Hebrew 11:6) To have faith we also have to obey God. Our inner attitude does not define faith alone. (James 2:17) In the same way, faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is dead. (James 2:19-24) You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the demons believe that- and shudder. You foolish man, do you want evidence that faith without deeds is useless? Was not our ancestor Abraham considered righteous for what he did when he offered his son Isaac on the alter? And the scripture was fulfilled that says, Abraham believed God, and it was credited to him as righteousness, and he was called Gods friend. You see that a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone. A person is justified by deeds only by man; because man cannot see our faith. Our faith is justified by God. Our deeds do not save us, but they are the evidence to our saving faith. If we could save ourselves by deeds, Jesus has not done any help for us. Faith saves us and faith alone. (Ephesians 2:1-2) For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-and this not from yourselves, it is the gift of God-not by works, so that no one can boast. For we are Gods workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do. The disciples had great faith and sometimes we desire to have faith like them. Since we have not seen Jesus and still believe we have greater faith. Because you have seen me you have believed, blessed are those who have not yet seen but still believe. (John 20: 29) People that have seen Jesus and believe will not be punished, but that the people that have not seen Jesus and still believe are blessed. By having faith and believing in God we will have everlasting life. But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name.(John 20:31) HOW TO GET FAITH? To get faith we have to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God and we will get the gift of faith and have life in his name. Faith can also come through the message through the word of Christ. (Romans 10:17) Consequently, faith comes from hearing the message, and the message is heard through the word of Christ. Sometimes we will have a problem believing that Jesus is the Christ, the son of God and that he died on the cross for our sins. We should then, fill are selves with Gods word and meditate it with our heart. To do this we should read the Bible. We will soon realize that Jesus is the way the truth and the life.(John 14:6) Once we become a Christian and have great faith, we can compare our life to what it used to be without God and we can see that the struggles were harder when we did not have God leading us through them. We know that our faith will not always stay at the same level. (2 Thessalonians 1:3) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.because your faith is growing more and moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We can pray, study the Bible, go to church, and serve God. These things will not give us faith, but they can help us grow in our faith. We should always continue to praise the lord as a sacrifice! (Hebrews 13:15) We should continually offer to God a sacrifice of praise. This will also help us grow in Faith. Sometimes we get caught spending all of our time shopping, cooking, and even work. This will consume all of our thoughts and God will be slowly pushed out of our lives, then when we have a problem we will go to God and use him to help us with our problems but we will never think to give thanks to him. You should spend most of your time reading the bible, praying to God, and thanking him for everything he has given us. Jesus died on the cross for us and has given us some very great things; the least we could do is thank him for the stuff he has given us and praise him with all we have. If we have done some really bad things in our life and dont think that God would ever forgive us or even love us anymore, think again! God will always love us and forgive us, no matter what we have done. We could be the ones not honoring our mother and father or have even murdered someone, but they are both sins, both having consequences. Everybody sins and if we just ask for forgiveness and believe, we will have everlasting life and your journey with the Lord will continue in the right direction. When we accept God into your heart, our life will not be perfect. It does have great things that come with it though! If we have struggles in our life that you think will never go away, we can pray to God and he will help us through it. When a problem comes up and we have nothing left, we can always count on God to be there for us! God is the one that we will always need and the one that will always love us! To know God will always forgive and love us, should give us the courage to love and forgive our enemies. If we are striving to go in the right direction and want to live our life praising, and serving God, the door will always be open. To ask Jesus Christ to be in our life is easy but it will be the biggest decision we will make in our whole entire life. God has led me to do many things that will help his kingdom grow and they were things I never thought of doing, but through faith I did it and I was rewarded. Faith is a big thing in everyones life, I encourage everyone to go out and do the thing that God is calling you to do. This thing might be very hard to understand or you might not trust that he will get you through it but God has a plan for us and he will guide us through it and reward us for what we have done. We need to use faith and trust in God as we take these steps into the right journey. DOUBTS Doubts are when we are skeptical about something or have undecided feelings. Doubts can come running in our life at a bolting speed, and will compete with everything for are attention. Sometimes we can be drowning in doubt until something reassures us of our faith. (Proverbs 3:5) Trust in the lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make your paths straight. If we are a true Christians and human beings, we will experience doubts. We have not seen Jesus therefore we will have doubt. There will be a point when we hit something that will make us decide between faith and doubt. This will help us grow in Faith. In the Bible there were people that had not believed in Jesus until they had seen him. Thomas did not believe the other eleven disciples when they had said (John 20:25, 27) we have seen the Lord. Thomas said Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe it. Jesus then came in through the locked doors and said Peace be with you! Put your finger here; see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it into my side. Stop doubting and believe. Doubts arent always a bad thing though. Doubts can help guide us through our journey with God. When we have doubts we might not think that we will still have everlasting life in Heaven, but doubts can help us have greater faith in the long run. When we doubt we will ask more questions to find out everything we want to know. We will learn why God is the answer and why the other theories have no way of being possible. We will also start reading the Bible more and going to church more so we reassure are faith. Doubts dont mean youre not a Christian or that you dont have faith, it just means that you doubt because we believe in God and he is unseen! Doubts are normal in life. Its hard to build so much faith up of something that we have not seen and not knowing if its going to be true until we see it, but we need to believe and trust in the lord. Have you ever got caught thinking Maybe God isnt real. Or maybe Is it to good to be true? or How could God have done this? But the truth it is a great thing that God made this Universe. If we think about it God Is REAL because who could have made this Earth? Who could have made us? It had to be someone so great just like God. Sometimes we even doubt because we have prayed and what we prayed did not go are way or we got hurt by a loved one dying. God disciplines us because he treats us as sons- everyone has had discipline. God disciplines us for our good, it is painful at the time but later you have a harvest of righteousness and peace for us if we are trained by it. (Hebrews 12:7-13) Endure hardship as discipline; God is treating you as sons. For what son is not disciplined by his father? If you are not disciplined (and everyone undergoes discipline), then you are illegitimate children and not true sons. Moreover, we have all had human fathers who disciplined us and we respected them for it. How much more should we submit to the Father of our spirits and live! Our fathers disciplined us for a little while as they thought best; but God disciplines us for our good, that we may share in his holiness no discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it produces a harvest of righteousne ss and peace for those who have been trained by it. Therefore, strengthen your feeble arms and weak knees. Make level paths for your feet so that the lame may not be disabled. Sometimes we will pray to God, testing him so that we can believe. We will tell him God if you let me get a job promotion or get on the high school basketball team the next day then I will believe. When that doesnt happen it does not mean God is not real or doesnt answer prayers, it just means that we want the job promotion or the high school basketball team more than we would love to believe in God. God is not a person that will hand us things when we so desire, but does answer our prayers. (Jeremiah 33:3) Call to me and I will answer you and tell you great and unsearchable things you do not know.He also promises to answer are prayers. (Isaiah 65:24) Before they call I will answer; while they are still speaking I will hear. Once we see beyond the image of God giving us what we wish for, his word promises we have confidence that we will receive anything we ask for. (1 John 3:21-22) Dear friends, if our hearts do not condemn us, we have confidence before God and receive from him anyth ing we ask, because we obey his commands and do what pleases him. God is not a force that is just someplace. God is everywhere and he is a God that is personal with us and he is the spirit. He cares for us and he knows us all and even the number of hairs on our heads. (Luke 12:7) Indeed, the very hairs of your head are all numbered. It is easier to realize that God is real when you know that he is not a fairytale or a force; he is the spirit. THE END Life is an experience of living. We have two lives. One is where we are born from a human being on Earth and the other is when we die we will be born again and we will be sent to Heaven to be with God. Here on Earth we have troubles mentally, physically, spiritually, and many other ways, but in Heaven it is perfect. (Revelation 4:1-3) Heaven is where God lives. It is where God is on his throne and is the full and complete expression of Gods kingship. Heaven has no pain, sorrow, deaths, crying, or sadness. In the Bible there is not a lot of information on Heaven is going to look or be, we just know that it will be a perfect place! We can only imagine what Heaven will be like, but God has way better plans then we could ever come up with, or even imagine. If we saw a mansion we would deliberate that the houses in Heaven will be three times as big, but that is not what they will be like because it would not be superior enough. Heaven is a reward for those who overcome everything in the life we are living. (Revelation 3:21) Heaven offers rewards for those who overcome in this life. To get to Heaven we dont just live life, we have to believe in God as were living! (John 3:16) For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have everlasting life. One of the many immense things about Heaven is there is never a time when God runs out of rooms. (John 14:2) In my Fathers house are many rooms; if it were not so, I would have told you. God does not send only the best people, that have greater faith, or the ones that have done better things, he will send everyone to Heaven that believes in him.

Changing Output Voltage of DC †DC Converters

Changing Output Voltage of DC – DC Converters Ben Harper The Purpose of this investigation is to look at the effects of changing various components in a 3 volt to 9 volt DC – DC converter will have on the output voltage. The results collected will be compared to theoretical values in order to find out whether or not they match and if not why. Background DC – DC converters are very important components in many different circuits, they are used in laptops, cars, and cell phones, mainly devices that receive their power from batteries. There are often sub circuits within complex circuits and these sub circuits often require a specific voltage that is different from the voltage that is flowing through the circuit, this is where the DC – DC converter comes in, it is used to either step up or step down the voltage so that the sub circuit can function properly. One other use is to step up the voltage of a battery that is low on power, when batteries become low on power their output voltage can decrease making the circuit unable to function but with a step up DC – DC converter the lowered voltage can be stepped up and increased enough to allow the circuit to continue functioning for longer. This method is much more efficient than using multiple batteries. Ultimately DC – DC converters play various roles in circuit s but they are essential and effective. Research Resistors Resistors are small devices usually made of ceramic that control the amount of current flowing through a circuit. The resistance of resistors are measured in ohms (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦) When the resistance of a resistor is high the current is low and when the resistance is low the current is high. Voltage, current and resistance is all connected to one another through Ohm’s law. Ohms law can be stated in words as the current in a resistive circuit is directly proportional to its applied voltage and inversely proportional to its resistance (Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu, 2014). In the form of an equation it can be defined as: Resistors can be found in almost any circuit and play a very important role. Certain components within circuits cannot handle high levels of voltage and will overload and become unusable if too much voltage flows through them, properly placed resistors can stop this from happening. There are many other types of resistors such as variable resistors and foil resistors and potentiometers Capacitors Capacitors are very common components that can be found within most circuits and have multiple uses. These components have the ability to store an electrical charge and then discharge at certain intervals of time. They are used for multiple reasons, one of which is their ability to smooth a current. Having a smooth current can prevent false triggering of sensitive components such as relays. Capacitors are measured in capacitance and this is found using the formula: A capacitor contains only two conductors that are separated by a single insulating material called a dielectric. The dielectric can be one of many different things, plastic, paper, ceramic or air. The two plates can be made of aluminium or a thin film of metal. Electrolytic capacitors have positive and negative leads, this means that they are polarized, the capacitor must be placed the right way around or else the oxide insulator on one of the foils will erode and cause the component to become conductive causing it to conduct large amounts of current which results in the electrolytic fluid boiling, building up pressure and ultimately popping. Non-electrolytic capacitors tend to have a significantly lower capacitance and are normally used to smooth the current in a circuit. Electromagnetic induction coils Electromagnetic induction a process that takes place when a conductor is present in a varying magnetic field or when a conductor is moves through a non-changing magnetic field. These actions cause voltage to be produced across the conductor. This whole process induces an electrical current. The discovery of electromagnetic induction was made by Michael Faraday in 1981 and he is known for the equation named Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. The equation is as follows: Flux is a measurement of how much of a vector field passes perpendicularly through a given area (Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014). A vector field is a vector quantity that can have different values, an example of a vector field is the water molecules in a river, in this example the vector quantity changes depending on its location. The vector field that present in electromagnetic induction is dependent on multiple things such as location and number of coils. In Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, flux which is represented by the Phi symbol is found using: The voltage (E.M.F.) created in a coil by a changing magnetic field is proportional to rate in which the magnetic flux changed and the number of winding in the coil (Basic Electronics Tutorials, 2014). TL499A IC The TL499A is an integrated circuit (IC) that was created for the purpose of providing adjustable regulated supply voltages, by adding a battery between 1.1 volts and 10 volts, an inductor, a filter capacitor and two resistors the IC can function as a step-up switching regulator. In this specific chip output voltages can vary between 2.9 volts and 30 volts, but this depends on multiple factors such as input voltage, current and resistance. This IC was designed to be a back-up step up switching regulator in the instance of an ac-line failure. The top view of the IC can be seen below in Figure 1. Inside of the IC there is a complex circuit that consists of multiple diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors. Refer to Figure 2 below for a detailed circuit diagram Transistors Transistors are a form of switch, nearly all circuits will have at least one transistor. There are two main types of transistors, the most common is NPN but there is also PNP. When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each other, the junction behaves very differently than either type of material alone. Specifically, current will flow readily in one direction (forward biased) but not in the other (reverse biased), creating the basic diode. This non-reversing behaviour arises from the nature of the charge transport process in the two types of materials. ((Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, 2014)). There are all different kinds of transistors that come in different shapes and sizes but they always have three legs. There is the base, the collector and the emitter. The base is responsible for the activation of the transistor, the collector is the positive leg and the emitter is the negative leg. Diodes Diodes are very common components that can be found in many circuits, the function of a diode is to cause electricity to flow in one direction. A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist. (Allaboutcircuits.com, 2014). There are few diodes placed within the DC – DC converter assembled for this investigation but there are multiple diodes found within the TL499A IC. Hypothesis By changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. Aim The aim of this experiment is to determine whether or not decreasing the voltage of two parallel resistors will increase the output voltage of the entire circuit. By decreasing the resistance the current will increase and therefore allow a higher output voltage from the IC. â€Å"output voltage can be varied from 2.9 V to 30 V by adjusting the input of current which can be changed using the two external resistors† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). Experimental procedure Method In order to determine the effects that the external resistors, R1 and R2 have on the circuit, they must be replaced with resistors of varying values. Once the resistors have been replaced the circuit must be connected to a power pack and the output voltage must be recorded. This process must be repeated with different resistors until there is a satisfactory amount of data collected. Materials Soldering iron Heat proof mats Resistors Solder Sponge Results Results: Practical The second change made was to R2, it was determined after changing the resistor R1 that the current flowing through the circuit was the variable that directly affected the output voltage of the entire circuit. The lower the output current the higher the output voltage was. Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 4.26 Volts 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 4.94 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 5.83 Volts 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 7.38 Volts 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 8.95 Volts 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 11.92 Volts 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 14.81 Volts Results: Theoretical Input Voltage Resistance of R1 Resistance of R2 R1, R2 Parallel Output Voltage 3 22000 Ohms 27000 Ohms 12122.45 4.51 3 15000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 13846.15 4.97 3 33000 Ohms 39000 Ohms 17875 6.05 3 27000 Ohms 180000 Ohms 23478.26 7.55 3 33000 Ohms 220000 Ohms 28695.65 8.95 3 47000 Ohms 270000 Ohms 38726.59 11.99 3 56000 Ohms 560000 Ohms 50909.09 14.91 The graph above represents the change in resistance as the output voltage increase. Sources of Error There are many different possible sources of error within the procedure that is undertaken during this experiment. The power packs at Albany Creek State High school do not all give out the correct amount of voltage; most multimeters are faulty and can give false readings, and with the resistors being constantly soldered and unsoldered in order to replace them there may be a drop in accuracy due to the board melting a small amount or a soldering joint not being done properly. Any other sources of error would be related to physical factors such as temperature and would have minimal and negligible effect on the final results. Discussion In any situation where more voltage than what is available is needed when DC current is being used, a step up converter is the solution. The circuit that was put together for this experiment can deliver between 4.5 and 20 volts output depending on the input voltage and the configuration of the resistors. Figure 1 contains a diagram of the TL499A power supply IC. Within the IC there is a series and a switching regulator. The switching regulator is responsible for the operation of the step up pulse width modulated DC – DC converter. A single variable frequency oscillator operates a transistor that is a switch between one side of a boost inductor and ground. In Appendix A it can be seen that the end of the inductor is connected to the positive battery output while the other is connected to pin six of the IC, pin six is the collector of the switching transistor. When the transistor turns on current flowing through L1 rapidly increased while it holds energy within the magnetic fiel d of the inductor. The inductor works by producing voltage when a conductor is moving through a magnetic field and when this field collapses it causes all of the electricity that was being stored in the magnetic field to discharge. When the transistor is powered down it turns off and the magnetic field breaks down producing an immediate increase in voltage. This allows the blocking diode to conduct, therefore transporting the voltage from the inductor to the capacitor that serves as an output filter before it carries on to pin 8 of the TL499a. The second transistor creates a section â€Å"of a cycle by cycle current limiting circuit† (Ti.com, 2014). This current turns off the switching transistor when the current through it reaches a predetermined level (Ti.com, 2014). The circuit uses a fixed time arrangement to preserve a controlled output voltage in changing load environments, the changing frequency can be as small as a couple kHz but with the highest load and lowest possi ble input voltage, it rises to over 20 kHz. DC voltage applied to pin 1 flows into the output at pin 8 through the transistor. â€Å"The base of Q3 is driven by an error amplifier, which compares a 1.26 volt reference voltage on its non-inverting input with the voltage at pin 2†. (Datasheetlib.com, 1984) The output voltage is determined by the equation: By choosing appropriate values for R1 and R2, the output voltage of the entire circuit can be set for any voltage between 4.5 volts and 20. From the data collected it is clear that they the resistance does increase with resistance of R1 and R2. The data does not completely match the theoretical values and the difference between them varies significantly, this is most likely due to the fact that different power packs were used for some of the of the measurements, it could also be an effect of repeatedly soldering and unsoldering the join where the resisters were placed. The clear increase in voltage with the increase in resistance makes it obvious that the results are supportive of the hypothesis and create a clear pattern that shows the increase of voltage that is relative to the resistance. The results do not go past an output voltage of fifteen therefore the limits have not been tested, it has been stated â€Å"the TL499A has a minimum output of 2.9 and a maximum output of 30 volt s† (Datasheetlib.com, 1984). One possible way of improving the results and increasing the accuracy would be to find an accurate power pack to use on the circuit, another viable option would be to use the same power pack and multimeter for every measurement that is made therefore the results would not be accurate but they would be precise. In order to get accurate results the power pack and multi meter must be tested and it must be made sure that the power pack has the correct output voltage and the multimeter reads the voltage output correctly. Another investigation that this experiment could lead to could be the effect of varying the input voltage to an induction coil. Conclusion In conclusion the results collected from the DC – DC converter ultimately support the hypothesis presented earlier in the report that by changing resistors R1 and R2 within the Jaycar DC – DC converter kit the output voltage will vary. An increase in the resistance between these two resistors in parallel will result in an increase in output voltage. The results corroborate with multiple other theories and laws. This DC – DC converter can be altered by simply changing the resistance of resistors R1 and R2 and this is supported by a suitable amount of both primary and secondary data. Bibliography Allaboutcircuits.com, (2014). Introduction : Diodes And Rectifiers. [online] Available at: http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/1.html. Basic Electronics Tutorials. 2014. Electromagnetic Induction and Faradays Law. [online] Available at: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/electromagnetism/electromagnetic-induction.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. CDS linear, (2014). Linear technology. [online] Available at: http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/1111fd.pdf [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Datasheetlib.com, (1984). TL499A Datasheet | DatasheetLib.com. [online] Available at: http://www.datasheetlib.com/datasheet/68927/tl499a_ti-texas-instruments.html [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu. 2014. Ohms law. [online] Available at: http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/211.fall2000.web.projects/Jeremie Smith/page4.htm [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. 2014. Magnetic Flux. [online] Available at: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/fluxmg.html [Accessed: 26 May 2014]. Jones, A. (2014). How Electromagnetic Induction Creates Current. [online] Available at: http://physics.about.com/od/physicsetoh/g/induction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ndt-ed.org, (2014). Electromagnetic Induction. [online] Available at: http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/HighSchool/Electricity/electroinduction.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. People.sinclair.edu, (n.d.). EET 155 Unit 2: Capacitors and Inductors in DC Circuits. [online] Available at: http://people.sinclair.edu/nickreeder/eet155/mod02.htm [Accessed 10 Jun. 2014]. Ti.com, (2014). TL499A | Step-Up (Boost) Converter | Converter (Integrated Switch) | Description parametrics. [online] Available at: http://www.ti.com/product/tl499a.

How does Shelley prepare us for the horror of Frankenstein’s creature? :: English Literature

How does Shelley prepare us for the horror of Frankenstein’s creature? Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1818. Shelley (the wife of poet Percy Shelley) first got inspiration for her book in Geneva. There she stayed with her husband, Lord Byron and a few others. They were all challenged to write a ghost story during a hellish storm. Though she did write a story it was a forgettable on. The real inspiration came on June 22nd, the night before Shelley’s departure. The group discussed a subject from de Stael’s ‘De L’Allemagne’ where they considered whether the principle of life could be discovered and whether scientists could be discovered and whether scientists could galvanize a corpse of manufactured humanoid. This was the true inspiration for Shelley and the next morning she had found her story and began writing the lines that opened Chapter 5 ‘It was a dreary night in November’ The alternative name for this novel is ‘ the modern day Prometheus’ The original myth written by Aeschylus, was about a man named Prometheus that tried to create life by manipulating a human out of clay. The two variations to myth merged together and fire became the compound used to animate the objects/images. This myth can be compared with Frankenstein because the elements, fire and electricity used to animate were said to me discovered by man. And in both the creators were punished, although god punished Prometheus. This is relevant because the myth points us in the direction the novel Frankenstein will go and Shelley uses this as analogy for her story. Eventually the overreaches trying to defy nature will be punished. Shelley also alludes to Milton’s paradise lost where if Frankenstein is compared to Adam in paradise lost then the reader finds they are quite similar. Both characters have a thirst for knowledge, which end in their downfall. Frankenstein is also like Satan in that both characters wanted to surpass God; Frankenstein may have wanted to become a greater scientist but he wants more power for selfish ambition just like Satan. Frankenstein wants to be the only person that is able to create a human life and he wants to greater than his nature, however Satan is punished in Paradise lost and this hints at Frankenstein’s fate and the direction of the novel. Mary Shelly signed the novel anonymously signifying that in society at that time women weren’t very respected, in fact they were ostracized. Shelley’s novel was shunned, a critic said ‘ the book had no principle or morals and should be dismissed with no further comment’. In science reason and rationality were the biggest genres for the 18th century

Americas Economy Today Essay -- essays research papers

America’s Economy Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With all the bad publicity about the economy nowadays anyone with access to a TV, magazine, or newspaper should be somewhat familiar with the current economic crisis here in America. It seems like the Dow Jones Industrial Index and the S&P 500 Index are dropping lower every day, not to mention the poor condition of tech stocks listed in Nasdaq. Here’s some current stock market figures that display the markets current deterioration: The Nasdaq index lost 8 percent of its value, putting it nearly two thirds off its peak last year, the Dow Jones index closed below 10,000, ending its biggest one-week point drop in 11 years, the S&P 500 index is now down 25% from its peak last March. This marks the start of the first bear market in half a generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The future certainly looks grim just by looking at the major index’s performance, but that is not the only thing we have to worry about. Consumer spending fuels two thirds of the economy and consumer confidence fuels consumer spending. So far this year, consumer confidence has been dropping drastically. People have still been spending at about an average rate, but as the market continues this downward spiral people will definitely begin to hold onto their money a little tighter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone knows about the big tax cut George Bush is promising us, but how much will it really help the economy? The Bush administrati...

The Accidental Tourist :: essays research papers

In what ways is Macon the Accidental Tourist?The logo on the front of all Macon's travel guides is a picture of a winged armchair and Macon's wife Sarah believed that this was not only the logo for The Accidental Tourist books, but for Macon himself. Julian describes metaphor of the winged armchair as "while armchair travelers dream of going places, travelling armchairs dream of staying put", and Macon does his best to help his readers feel as if they have never left home. He advises them on the best places to eat and stay, the places that are most like those in America. However, inventing these methods and systems to make it feel as if he never left home is not a chore for Macon. He does not invent the systems to help other people, but himself.Sarah is correct in claiming that the winged armchair is Macon's logo, because it does represent him - he wants to stay home, but is being moved around all over the world, and has to do his best to make it seem like home. In reality , Macon is the Accidental Tourist and the book is more a documentation of the systems he uses to get through life than a 'guide' book. The Accidental Tourist books are less travel guides and more 'instructional guides for life', telling the reader how to live with minimum discomfort, without opening up and hiding within your own cocoon oblivious to the rest of the world. This is exactly how Macon lives every day of his life, and not just those when he is travelling. He lives his entire life trying to package himself so that nothing will change him, nothing will upset him and nothing can harm him. His books reflect this clearly and this is why Sarah considers his books so similar to himself. The books are about Macon - The Accidental Tourist.Above all, Macon wants to control everything. He likes for nothing to be left to chance. When travelling, he only takes what he can carry on to the plane, to eliminate the risk of lost luggage, as well as taking his own travel sized soap powder so that he can clean his clothes without having to worry about foreign laundries and their detergents. His aim is to control his life - to make sure that nothing can ever go wrong, to make sure that nothing can break through his protective 'cocoon'.

The End or The Journey

The road awards my future goal would be able to modify my personality. The Journey would allow myself to understand my personality even further. Also, the passage towards my future would grant myself the privilege of discovering who I am. I do not understand myself, but a part of the journey is discovering what your intentions, dreams, actions, paths are. The goal would still be at the end. However, the journey is a never-ending adventure. The initial goal would waiver with each action, decision, made. The future is full of different paths, experiencing the different paths would transform a person into a new being.A person is similar to a caterpillar, a transforming creature. The caterpillar changes from a helpless creature into a powerful butterfly and humans grow with each experience they encounter. For example, each day that goes by, science is evolving by the scientists who encounter new Ideas, experiments, and results. Each day passes with change from within. As a future is full of different paths, dreams are full of different results and mindsets. In the life Vive experienced so far, Vive been through many dreams and career paths, the journey towards my future is a never-ending experience.My first dream started as an artist during my elementary school days; that ended when I realized there were other people who were more talented in the arts. However, I continued to sketch as a hobby. My second career path was through history as an anthropologist; that career went down the drain because of money issues. My third dream was a preschool teacher. That dream began with my love for children and is still a possible career selection for my future. My fourth career choice Is a pedantically. Although the choice of continuing school for a long time will probably backfire on me, the desire to alp children has kept that dream alive.My fifth dream Is to be an accountant, my current dream. All the different dreams I've had over the years has set myself towards different results, but my ever-changing demeanor has confused my end result. The future Is unclear and the path Is cloudy, the end Is a mystery and the Journey Is a challenge. People will grow as they move forward. However, there Is no guarantee of growth at the end of the road. The obstacles before a challenger calls for mistakes and growth, not perfection. The end is perfection, but the trek towards he end is full of mistakes, errors, and progress.That is why I believe that the journey is greater than the goal. The End or The Journey By Cindy â€Å"The Journey is far greater than the inn. † I am a sixteen year old girl. As a child, there is a long Journey towards adulthood. There is the pleasure of the Journey taken and the Joy of the end. Some people may more impact on the person. During Journeys, there are obstacles that the Journeyer has to overcome. The road understand myself, but a part of the Journey is discovering what your intentions, dreams, actions, paths are. The goal wou ld still be at the end.However, the Journey is new ideas, experiments, and results. Each day passes with change from within. As a selection for my future. My fourth career choice is a petrifaction. Although the help children has kept that dream alive. My fifth dream is to be an accountant, my current dream. All the different dreams Vive had over the years has set myself result. The future is unclear and the path is cloudy, the end is a mystery and the journey is a challenge. People will grow as they move forward. However, there is no the end is full of mistakes, errors, and progress. That is why I believe that the Journey